Тяга. Всемирная история зависимости - Карл Эрик Фишер

2012, https://www.thefix.com/content/aa-cults-synanon-legacy0009?page=all; Kerwin Kaye, Enforcing Freedom (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019), 132.

714

Clark, Recovery Revolution, 43–45; Nancy D. Campbell, James P. Olsen, and Luke Walden, The Narcotic Farm: The Rise and Fall of America’s First Prison for Drug Addicts (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2021), 72–78, 102–103.

715

“Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation History,” Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation (website), accessed March 4, 2021, https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/about-us/history. См. также Damian McElrath, Hazelden: A Spiritual Odyssey (n.p., Hazelden Foundation, 1987), 30.

716

White, Slaying the Dragon, 264. См. также William L. White, “Hazelden Foundation,” в кн. Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: A Global Encyclopedia, vol. 1, A–L, ed. Jack S. Blocker, Ian R. Tyrrell, and David M. Fahey (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2003), 190.

717

White, Slaying the Dragon, 263–273. См. также Clark, Recovery Revolution, 184–187.

718

Robin Room, “Stigma, Social Inequality and Alcohol and Drug Use,” Drug and Alcohol Review 24, no. 2 (March 2005): 143–155, https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434.

719

White, Miller, “Use of Confrontation,” 16–18.

720

Maia Szalavitz, “The Cult That Spawned the Tough-Love Teen Industry,” Mother Jones, September/ October 2007, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/08/cult-spawned-tough-love-teen-industry/.

721

Kaye, Enforcing Freedom, 150–154.

722

White, Miller, “Use of Confrontation,” 21–23. По поводу осложнений и значимости клинического контекста см. Douglas L. Polcin, “Rethinking Confrontation in Alcohol and Drug Treatment: Consideration of the Clinical Context,” Substance Use & Misuse 38, no. 2 (February 2003): 165–184, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ja-120017243?journalCode=isum20.

723

Lesley A. Smith, Simon Gates, David Foxcroft, “Therapeutic Communities for Substance Related Disorder,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1 (2006): CD005338, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005338.pub2. Сторонники терапевтических сообществ часто цитируют статистику, что 90 % тех, кто завершил месячный или даже годичный курс лечения и «выпустился» с программы, остаются трезвыми впоследствии, однако это вводит в заблуждение. Лишь небольшая часть претендующих на лечение пациентов принимается на программу (иногда принимают лишь одного кандидата из пяти), а среди тех, кто принят, лишь меньшинство проходит программу до конца: в среднем клиенты остаются в стационаре всего одну треть от предписанного времени. White, Slaying the Dragon, 324–325, 467. См. также Fabián Fiestas and Javier Ponce, “Eficacia de las Comunidades Terapéuticas en el Tratamiento de Problemas por Uso de Sustancias Psicoactivas: Una Revisión Sistemática,” Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública 29, no. 1 (March 2012): 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1726–46342012000100003; Marion Malivert et al., “Effectiveness of Therapeutic Communities: A Systematic Review,” European Addiction Research 18, no. 1 (2012): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1159/000331007.

724

George De Leon, “The Therapeutic Community: Toward a General Theory and Model,” в кн. Therapeutic Community: Advances in Research and Application, NIDA Research Monograph 144, ed. F. M. Tims, George De Leon, and N. Jainchill (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994), 16. См. также Alisa Stevens, “ ‘I Am the Person Now I Was Always Meant to Be’: Identity Reconstruction and Narrative Reframing in Therapeutic Community Prisons,” Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 5 (2012): 527–547, а также Owen Flanagan, “Identity and Addiction,” которого мы обсуждали в гл. 5 настоящей книги.

725

Carl Erik Fisher, “People Struggling with Addiction Need Help. Does Forcing Them into Treatment Work?” Slate, January 18, 2018, https://slate.com/technology/2018/01/coerced-treatment-for-addiction-can-work-if-you-coerce-correctly.html.

726

David T. Courtwright, “The Prepared Mind: Marie Nyswander, Methadone Maintenance, and the Metabolic Theory of Addiction,” Addiction 92, no. 3 (March 1997): 257–265, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360–0443.1997.tb03196.x.

727

В частности, см. Marie Nyswander, The Drug Addict as a Patient (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1956), 70–84, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001565298.

728

Nat Hentoff, “The Treatment of Patients—I,” New Yorker, June 19, 1965, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1965/06/26/i-the-treatment-of-patients.

729

Courtwright, Joseph, Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, 332.

730

Ivan Oransky, “Vincent Dole,” Lancet 368, no. 9540 (September 2006): 984, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(06)69402–6; См. также Courtwright, “Prepared Mind,” 257–258.

731

Richard K. Ries et al., The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine, 5th ed. (New York: Wolters-Kluwer, 2014), 140.

732

White, Slaying the Dragon, 353–354; Courtwright, “Prepared Mind,” 259.

733

“Methadone Maintenance: How Much, for Whom, for How Long?” Medical World News, March 17, 1972, 53–63, цит. по Eric C. Schneider, Smack: Heroin and the American City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 167.

734

Vincent P. Dole, Marie Nyswander, “A Medical Treatment for Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Addiction: A Clinical Trial with Methadone Hydrochloride,” JAMA 193, no. 8 (August 1965): 646–650, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1965.03090080008002.

735

Walter Cronkite, CBS Evening News, August 11, 1966, цит. по David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 164; Nat Hentoff, “The Treatment of Patients – II,” New Yorker, July 3, 1965, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1965/07/03/the-treatment-of-patients.

736

Vincent P. Dole, Marie E. Nyswander, Mary Jeanne Kreek, “Narcotic Blockade,” Archives of Internal Medicine 118, no. 4 (October 1966): 304–309, http://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1966.00290160004002; Marie E. Nyswander, “The Methadone Treatment of Heroin Addiction,” Hospital Practice 2, no. 4 (April 1967): 27–33, https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1967.11707753.

737

Courtwright, Joseph, Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, 340. Позднее Главная манхэттенская больница стала частью Больницы Бет Исраэль, в которой открылась одна из самых масштабных программ по лечению метадоном в США (впрочем, первоначальное здание главной больницы отдали под роскошные апартаменты).

738

Schneider, Smack, 168, 171.

739

Nikolas Rose, Joelle M. Abi-Rached, “The Neuromolecular Brain,” в кн. Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), 25–52.

740

David Healy,