Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

40. Материалы по базисным функциям в контексте машинного обучения: “Lecture 17: Basis Functions”, Open Data Science Initiative, YouTube video, November 28, 2011, https://youtu.be/OOpfU3CvUkM?t=151; Yaser Abu-Mostafa, “Lecture 16: Radial Basis Functions”, Caltech, YouTube video, May 29, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= O8CfrnOPtLc.

41. Mayo Clinic, “Ataxia”, Mayo Clinic, последняя проверка доступности 20 ноября 2021 года, https://www.mayo clinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652; Helen Thomson, “Woman of 24 Found to Have No Cerebellum in Her Brain”, New Scientist, September 10, 2014, https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/mg22329861-900-woman-of-24-found-to-have-no-cerebellum-in-her-brain; R. N. Lemon and S. A. Edgley, “Life Without a Cerebellum”, Brain 133, no. 3 (March 18, 2010): 652–54, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq030.

42. Подробнее о том, как в ходе спортивных тренировок происходит переход к неосознанной компетентности см. в: Bo Hanson, “Conscious Competence Learning Matrix”, Athlete Assessments, последняя проверка доступности 22 ноября 2021 года, https://athleteassessments.com/conscious-competence-learning-matrix.

43. Suzana Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3, no. 31 (November 9, 2009), https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009.

44. Herculano-Houzel, “Human Brain in Numbers”; Richard Apps, “Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units”, Cerebellum 17, no. 5 (June 6, 2018): 654–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3; Jan Voogd, “What We Do Not Know About Cerebellar Systems Neuroscience”, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8, no. 227 (December 18, 2014), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00227; Rhoshel K. Lenroot and Jay N. Giedd, “The Changing Impact of Genes and Environment on Brain Development During Childhood and Adolescence: Initial Findings from a Neuroimaging Study of Pediatric Twins”, Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 1161–75, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000552; Salvador Martinez et al., “Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cerebellar Development”, Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 7, no. 18 (June 26, 2013), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2013.00018.

45. Fumiaki Sugahara et al., “Evidence from Cyclostomes for Complex Regionalization of the Ancestral Vertebrate Brain”, Nature 531, no. 7592 (February 15, 2016): 97–100, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16518; Leonard F. Koziol, “Consensus Paper: The Cerebellum’s Role in Movement and Cognition”, Cerebellum 13, no. 1 (February 2014): 151–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0511-x; Robert A. Barton and Chris Venditti, “Rapid Evolution of the Cerebellum in Humans and Other Great Apes”, Current Biology 24, no. 20 (October 20, 2014): 2440–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.056.

46. Более подробная информация на тему врожденных повадок животных содержится в: Jesse N. Weber, Brant K. Peterson, and Hopi E. Hoekstra, “Discrete Genetic Modules Are Responsible for Complex Burrow Evolution in Peromyscus Mice”, Nature 493, no. 7432 (January 17, 2013): 402–5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11816; Nicole L. Bedford and Hopi E. Hoekstra, “Peromyscus Mice as a Model for Studying Natural Variation”, eLife 4: e06813 (June 17, 2015), https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06813; Do-Hyoung Kim et al., “Rescheduling Behavioral Subunits of a Fixed Action Pattern by Genetic Manipulation of Peptidergic Signaling”, PLoS Genetics 11, no. 9: e1005513 (September 24, 2015), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005513.

47. Интересный доклад с объяснением концепции эволюционного моделирования: Keith Downing, “Evolutionary Computation: Keith Downing at TEDxTrondheim”, TEDx Talks, YouTube video, November 4, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3zUmfDd79s.

48. Больше информации о развитии и функционировании новой коры: Kaas, “Evolution of the Neocortex”; Jeff Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain Will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines (New York: Macmillan, 2007), 97–101, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qg2dmntfxmQC; Clay Reid, “Lecture 3: The Structure of the Neocortex”, Allen Institute, YouTube video, September 6, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhdcYNmW0zY; Joan Stiles et al., Neural Plasticity and Cognitive Development: Insights from Children with Perinatal Brain Injury (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 41–45, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QiN pAgAAQBAJ.

49. Brian K. Hall and Benedikt Hallgrimsson, Strickberger’s Evolution, 4th ed. (Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011), 533; Kaas, “Evolution of the Neocortex”; Jon H. Kaas, “The Evolution of Brains from Early Mammals to Humans, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (November 8, 2012): 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1206.

50. Больше информации о мел-палеогеновом вымирании: Michael Greshko and National Geographic Staff, “What Are Mass Extinctions, and What Causes Them?”, National Geographic, September 26, 2019, https:// www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/mass-extinction; Victoria Jaggard, “Why Did the Dinosaurs Go Extinct?”, National Geographic, July 31, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/dinosaur-extinction; Emily Singer, “How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds”, Quanta, June 2, 2015, https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs-20150602.

51. Yasuhiro Itoh, Alexandros Poulopoulos, and Jeffrey D. Macklis, “Unfolding the Folding Problem of the Cerebral Cortex: Movin’ and Groovin’”, Developmental Cell 41, no. 4 (May 22, 2017): 332–34, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580717303933; Jeff Hawkins, “What Intelligent Machines Need to Learn from the Neocortex”, IEEE Spectrum, June 2, 2017, https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/what-intelligent-machines-need-to-learn-from-the-neocortex.

52. Jean-Didier Vincent and Pierre-Marie Lledo, The Custom-Made Brain: Cerebral Plasticity, Regeneration, and Enhancement, trans. Laurence Garey (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 152.

53. Учебная лекция о неокортексе и его колонках без лишних технических деталей: Brains Explained, “The Neocortex”, YouTube video, September 16, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2mYTaJPVnc; Clay Reid, “Lecture 3: The Structure of the Neocortex”.

54. V. B. Mountcastle, “The Columnar Organization of the Neocortex”, Brain 120, no. 4 (April 1997): 701–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.4.701; Olaf Sporns, Giulio Tononi, and Rolf Kötter, “The Human Connectome: A Structural Description of the Human Brain”, PLoS Computational Biology 1, no. 4: e42 (September 30, 2005), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042; David J. Heeger, “Theory of Cortical Function”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 8 (February 6, 2017): 1773–82, https://doi.org /10.1073/pnas.1619788114.

55. Это несколько ниже, чем оценка на базе моих прошлых исследований, которая была приведена в книге «Эволюция разума». Однако, учитывая, что данные, на которых строятся эти выводы, все равно неточны, можно считать, что обе величины более-менее сопоставимы. Заметим, что это число может отличаться от человека к человеку.

56. Jeff Hawkins, Subutai Ahmad, and Yuwei Cui, “A Theory of How Columns in the Neocortex Enable Learning the Structure of the World”, Frontiers in Neural Circuits 11, no. 81 (October 25, 2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00081; Jeff Hawkins, A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 2021).

57. Mountcastle, “Columnar Organization of the Neocortex”; Sporns, Tononi, and Kötter, “The Human Connectome”; Heeger, “Theory of Cortical Function”.

58. Malcolm W. Browne, “Who Needs Jokes? Brain Has a Ticklish Spot”, New York Times, March 10, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/10/science/who-needs-jokes-brain-has-a-ticklish-spot.html; Itzhak Fried et al., “Electric Current Stimulates Laughter”, Scientific Correspondence 391, no. 650 (February 12, 1998), https://doi.org/10.1038/35536.

59. Доступное объяснение механизма восприятия боли мозгом дано в: Kristin Muench, “Pain in the Brain”, NeuWrite West, November 10, 2015, www.neuwritewest.org/blog/pain-in-the-brain.

60. Browne, “Who Needs Jokes?”

61. Robert Wright, “Scientists Find Brain’s Irony-Detection Center!” Atlantic, August 5, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/08/scientists-find-brains-irony-detection-center/260728.

62. “Bigger Brains: Complex Brains for a Complex World”, Smithsonian Institution, January 16, 2019, http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/brains; David