Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

63. Stephanie Musgrave et al., “Tool Transfers Are a Form of Teaching Among Chimpanzees”, Scientific Reports 6, article 34783 (October 11, 2016), https://doi.org/10.1038 /srep34783.

64. Hanoch Ben-Yami, “Can Animals Acquire Language?”, Scientific American, March 1, 2017, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/can-animals-acquire-language; Klaus Zuberbühler, “Syntax and Compositionality in Animal Communication”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 375, article 20190062 (November 18, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0062.

65. Доступное объяснение процесса появления большого пальца и его роли в ходе эволюции дано в: “Where Do Our Opposable Thumbs Come From?”, HHMI BioInteractive, YouTube video, April 24, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDSkmb4UTlo.

66. Ryan V. Raut et al., “Hierarchical Dynamics as a Macroscopic Organizing Principle of the Human Brain”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 12, 2020): 20890–97, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201889109.

67. Herculano-Houzel, “Human Brain in Numbers”; Sporns, Tononi, and Kötter, “The Human Connectome”; Ji Yeoun Lee, “Normal and Disordered Formation of the Cerebral Cortex: Normal Embryology, Related Molecules, Types of Migration, Migration Disorders”, Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 62, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 265–71, https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2019.0098; Christopher Johansson and Anders Lansner, “Towards Cortex Sized Artificial Neural Systems”, Neural Networks 20, no. 1 (January 2007): 48–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2006.05.029.

68. Более глубокие сведения о неокортексе и нашем понимании мозговых структур, обеспечивающих работу мышления, см. Matthew Barry Jensen, “Cerebral Cortex”, Khan Academy, accessed November 20, 2021, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/cerebral-cortex; Hawkins, Ahmad, and Cui, “Theory of How Columns in the Neocortex Enable Learning”; Jeff Hawkins et al., “A Framework for Intelligence and Cortical Function Based on Grid Cells in the Neocortex”, Frontiers in Neural Circuits 12, no. 121 (January 11, 2019), https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2018.00121; Baoguo Shi et al., “Different Brain Structures Associated with Artistic and Scientific Creativity: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study”, Scientific Reports 7, no. 42911 (February 21, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42911; Barbara L. Finlay and Kexin Huang, “Developmental Duration as an Organizer of the Evolving Mammalian Brain: Scaling, Adaptations, and Exceptions”, Evolution and Development 22, nos. 1–2 (December 3, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12329.

69. Общий обзор и детальная лекция об ассоциативной природе памяти: Shelly Fan, “How the Brain Makes Memories: Scientists Tap Memory’s Neural Code”, SingularityHub, July 10, 2015, https://singularityhub.com/2015/07/10/how-the-brain-makes-memories-scientists-tap-memorys-neural-code; Christos Papadimitriou, “Formation and Association of Symbolic Memories in the Brain”, Simons Institute, YouTube video, March 31, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZtYKApSTto.

70. О переходе от креационизма к теории эволюции путем естественного отбора: Phillip Sloan, “Evolutionary Thought Before Darwin”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Winter 2019), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-before-darwin; Christoph Marty, “Darwin on a Godless Creation: ‘It’s Like Confessing to a Murder’”, Scientific American, February 12, 2009, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/charles-darwin-confessions.

71. Более подробно об исследованиях Чарлза Лайеля и их влиянии на Дарвина см. Richard A. Fortey, “Charles Lyell and Deep Time”, Geoscience 21, no. 9 (October 2011), https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/October-2011/Charles-Lyell-and-deep-time; Gary Stix, “Darwin’s Living Legacy”, Scientific American 300, no. 1 (January 2009): 38–43, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26001418; Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1859; Project Gutenberg, 2013), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2009/2009-h/2009-h.htm.

72. Walter F. Cannon, “The Uniformitarian-Catastrophist Debate”, Isis 51, no. 1 (March 1960): 38–55, https://www.jstor.org/stable/227604; Jim Morrison, “The Blasphemous Geologist Who Rocked Our Understanding of Earth’s Age”, Smithsonian, August 29, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/father-modern-geology-youve-never-heard-180960203.

73. Charles Darwin and James T. Costa, The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species (Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), 95, https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Annotated_i_Origin_i/C0E03ilhSz4C.

74. Gordon Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics 38, no. 8 (April 19, 1965), https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03 /102770822-05-01-acc.pdf; Computer History Museum, “1965: ‘Moore’s Law’ Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits”, Computer History Museum, accessed October 12, 2021, https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/moores-law-predicts-the-future-of-in tegrated-circuits; Fernando J. Corbató et al., The Compatible Time-Sharing System: A Programmer’s Guide (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss /CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf.

75. Никто пока не знает, какой будет следующая компьютерная парадигма. Обзор перспективных исследований в этом направлении можно найти в: Jeff Hecht, “Nanomaterials Pave the Way for the Next Computing Generation”, Nature 608, S2–S3 (2022), https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02147-3; Peng Lin et al., “Three-Dimensional Memristor Circuits as Complex Neural Networks”, Nature Electronics 3, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 225–32, https://doi.org/10.1038 /s41928-020-0397-9; Zhihong Chen, “Gate-All-Around Nanosheet Transistors Go 2D”, Nature Electronics 5, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 830–31, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-022-00899-4.

76. Первой машиной для выполнения больших объемов подсчетов стал статистический табулятор Холлерита. Тенденция к экспоненциальному улучшению соотношения цена/производительность держится с тех пор и до наших дней. См. See Emile Cheysson, The Electric Tabulating Machine, trans. Arthur W. Fergusson (New York: C. C. Shelley, 1892), 2, https://books.google.com/books?id=rJgsAAAAYAAJ; Robert Sobel, Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution (Washington, DC: BeardBooks, 2000; originally published as I.B.M., Colossus in Transition by Times Books in 1981), 17, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thomas_Watson_Sr/H8EFNMBGpY4C; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)”, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, updated April 12, 2023, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL; Marguerite Zientara, “Herman Hollerith: Punched Cards Come of Age”, Computerworld 15, no. 36 (September 7, 1981): 35, https://books.google.com/books?id=tk74jLc6HggC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35; Frank da Cruz, “Hollerith 189 °Census Tabulator”, Columbia University Computing History, April 17, 2021, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/census-tabulator.html.

77. Nick Bostrom, “Nick Bostrom The Intelligence Explosion Hypothesis eDay 2012”, eAcast55, YouTube video, August 9, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFE-96XA92w.

78. DeepMind, “AlphaGo ”, DeepMind, последняя проверка доступности 20 ноября 2021 года, https://deepmind.com /research/case-studies/alphago-the-story-so-far.

79. DeepMind, “AlphaGo ”.

80. Захватывающий обзор матча Г. Каспарова с Deep Blue и то, какое значение он оказал на отрасль ИИ, можно прочесть в: Mark Robert Anderson, “Twenty Years On from Deep Blue vs. Kasparov: How a Chess Match Started the Big Data Revolution”, The Conversation, May 11, 2017, https://theconversation.com/twenty-years-on-from-deep-blue-vs-kasparov-how-a-chess-match-started-the-big-data-revolution-76882.

81. DeepMind, “AlphaGo Zero: Starting from Scratch”, DeepMind, October 18, 2017, https:// deepmind.com/blog/article/alphago-zero-starting-scratch; DeepMind, “AlphaGo”; Tom Simonite, “This More Powerful Version of AlphaGo Learns on Its Own”, Wired, October 18, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/this-more-powerful-version-of-alphago-learns-on-its-own; David Silver et al., “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search”, Nature 529, no. 7587 (January 27, 2016): 484–89, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961.

82. Carl Engelking, “The AI That Dominated Humans in Go Is Already Obsolete”, Discover, October 18, 2017, https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/the-ai-that-dominated-humans-in-go-is-already-obsolete; DeepMind, “AlphaGo China”, DeepMind, последняя проверка доступности 20 ноября 2021 года, https://deepmind.com/alphago-china; DeepMind, “AlphaGo Zero: Starting from Scratch”.

83. DeepMind, “AlphaGo Zero: Starting from Scratch”.

84. David Silver et al., “AlphaZero: Shedding New Light on Chess, Shogi, and Go”, DeepMind, December 6, 2018, https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go.

85. Julian Schrittwiese et al.,