Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

Rodden, “Functional Brain Imaging of Language Processes”, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. James D. Wright, 2nd ed. (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2015), 476–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.54009-4; Burle et al., “Spatial and Temporal Resolutions of EEG); Claudio Babiloni et al., “Fundamentals of Electroencefalography, Magnetoencefalography, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging”, in Brain Machine Interfaces for Space Applications: Enhancing Astronaut Capabilities, ed. Luca Rossini, Dario Izzo, and Leopold Summerer (New York: Academic Press, 2009), 73, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l5Q1bul_ZbEC.

172. Видео системы BrainGate в действии: BrainGate Collaboration, “Thought Control of Robotic Arms Using the BrainGate System”, NIHNINDS, YouTube video, May 16, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRt8QCx3BCo.

175. Длинное, но очень доступное для восприятия объяснение концепции интерфейсов мозг-компьютер компании Neuralink, а также статья, описывающая технологию в деталях: Tim Urban, “Neuralink and the Brain’s Magical Future (G-Rated Version)”, Wait But Why, April 20, 2017, https://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink-cleanversion.html; Elon Musk and Neuralink, “An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform with Thousands of Channels”, Neuralink working paper, July 17, 2019, bioRxiv 703801, https://doi.org /10.1101/703801.

176. John Markoff, “Elon Musk’s Neuralink Wants ‘Sewing Machine-Like’ Robots to Wire Brains to the Internet”, New York Times, July 16, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07 /16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html.

177. Видео играющей обезьяны: “Monkey MindPong”, Neuralink, YouTube video, April 8, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsCul1sp4hQ.

178. Kelsey Ables, “Musk’s Neuralink Implants Brain Chip in its First Human Subject”, Washington Post, January 30, 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/01/30/neu ralink-musk-first-human-brain-chip; Neuralink, “Neuralink Clinical Trial”, Neuralink, accessed February 6, 2024, https://neuralink.com/pdfs/PRIME-Study-Brochure.pdf; Rachael Levy and Hyunjoo Jin, “Musk Expects Brain Chip Start-up Neuralink to Implant ‘First Case’ This Year”, Reuters, June 20, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-expects-brain-chip-start-up-neuralink-implant-first-case-this-year-2023-06-16; Rachael Levy and Marisa Taylor, “U.S. Regulators Rejected Elon Musk’s Bid to Test Brain Chips in Humans, Citing Safety Risks”, Reuters, March 2, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/inves tigates/special-report/neuralink-musk-fda; Mary Beth Griggs, “Elon Musk Claims Neuralink Is About ‘Six Months’ Away from First Human Trial”, The Verge, November 30, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/30/23487307/neuralink-elon-musk-show-and-tell-2022.

179. Andrew Tarantola, “DARPA Is Helping Six Groups Create Neural Interfaces for Our Brains”, Engadget, July 10, 2017, https://www.engadget.com/2017-07-10-darpa-taps-five-organizations-to-develop-neural-interface-tech.html.

180. “Brown to Receive up to $19M to Engineer Next-Generation Brain-Computer Interface”, Brown University, July 10, 2017, https://www.brown.edu/news/2017-07-10/neurograins; Jihun Lee et al., “Wireless Ensembles of Sub-mm Microimplants Communicating as a Network near 1 GHz in a Neural Application”, bioRxiv 2020.09.11.293829 (preprint), September 13, 2020, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293829v1.

181. Более подробно об иерархической структуре новой коры: Stewart Shipp, “Structure and Function of the Cerebral Cortex”, Current Biology 17, no. 12 (June 19, 2007): R443–R449, https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(07)01148-7.pdf; Claus C. Hilgetag and Alexandros Goulas, “‘Hierarchy’ in the Organization of Brain Networks”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, February 24, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0319; Jeff Hawkins et al., “A Theory of How Columns in the Neocortex Enable Learning the Structure of the World”, Frontiers in Neural Circuits, October 25, 2017, https:// doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00081.

182. Говоря «напрямую», я имею в виду, что биологические и цифровые нейроны будут поддерживать функциональную связь друг с другом в смысле логических и вычислительных цепочек. Физически сигналы будут пересылаться в облако и обратно посредством сравнительно небольшого количества передатчиков, имплантированных или в виде внешних устройств.

183. О разнице между способностями к освоению языка у животных и людей см. Ben-Yami, “Can Animals Acquire Language?”

Глава 3. Что такое «Я»?

1. Samuel Butler, Erewhon: Or, Over the Range, 2nd ed. (London: Trübner & Co, 1872), 190, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1906/1906-h/1906-h.htm.

2. Butler, Erewhon, vi.

3. Подробнее о том, что именно наука и философия говорят нам о наличии сознания у животных: Colin Allen and Michael Trestman, “Animal Consciousness”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Winter 2017), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal; “Just How Smart Are Dolphins?”, BBC Earth, YouTube video, October 19, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M92OA-_5-Y; John Green, “Non-Human Animals”, CrashCourse, YouTube video, January 16, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3-BX-jN_Ac; Joe Rogan and Roger Penrose, “Are Animals Conscious Like We Are?”, JRE Clips, YouTube video, December 18, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlzY _KvGSZ4.

4. Подробнее о сознании грызунов: Alla Katnelson, “What the Rat Brain Tells Us About Yours”, Nautilus, April 13, 2017, http://nautil.us/issue/47/consciousness/what-the-rat-brain-tells-us-about-yours; Jessica Hamzelou, “Zoned-Out Rats May Give Clue to Consciousness”, New Scientist, October 5, 2011, https://www.newscientist.com/article /mg21128333-700; Cyriel Pennartz et al., “Indicators and Criteria of Consciousness in Animals and Intelligent Machines: An Inside-Out Approach”, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 13, no. 25 (July 16, 2019), https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2019.00025/full; “Scientists Manipulate Consciousness in Rats”, National Institutes of Health, December 18, 2015, https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/scientists-manipulate-consciousness-rats.

5. Douglas Fox, “Consciousness in a Cockroach”, Discover, January 10, 2007, http://discover magazine.com/2007/jan/cockroach-consciousness-neuron-similarity; Suzana Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3, no. 31 (August 5, 2009), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti cles/PMC2776484.

6. Colin Barras, “Smart Amoebas Reveal Origins of Primitive Intelligence”, New Scientist, October 29, 2008, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn15068; Yuriv V. Pershin et al., “Memristive Model of Amoeba’s Learning”, Physical Review E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics 80, 021926 (July 27, 2009), https://arxiv.org/pdf /0810.4179.pdf.

7. Подробнее о сравнительно развитом сознании у животных: Philip Low et al., “The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness”, Francis Crick Memorial Conference 2012: Consciousness in Animals, University of Cambridge, July 7, 2012, http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf; Virginia Morell, “Monkeys Master a Key Sign of Self-Awareness: Recognizing Their Reflections”, Science, February 13, 2017, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/monkeys-master-key-sign-self-awareness-recognizing-their-reflections; Melanie Boly et al., “Consciousness in Humans and Nonhuman Animals: Recent Advances and Future Directions”, Frontiers in Psychology 4, no. 625 (October 31, 2013), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3814086; Marc Bekoff, “Animals Are Conscious and Should be Treated as Such”, New Scientist, September 19, 2012, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528836-200; Elizabeth Pennisi, “Are Our Primate Cousins ‘Conscious’?”, Science 284, no. 5423 (June 25, 1999): 2073–76.

8. Low et al., “Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness”.

9. Danielle S. Bassett and Michael S. Gazzaniga, “Understanding Complexity in the Human Brain”, Trends in Cognitive Science 15, no. 5 (May 2011): 200–209, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170818; Xerxes D. Arsiwalla and Paul Verschure, “Measuring the Complexity of Consciousness”, Frontiers in Neuroscience 12, no. 424 (June 27, 2018), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00424.

10. Интересное и не слишком сложное видео на тему квалиа, а также более глубокое научное рассмотрение феномена: Michael Stevens, “Is Your Red the Same as My Red?”, Vsauce, YouTube video, February 17, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evQsOFQju08; Michael Tye, “Qualia”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Summer 2018), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia.

11. Подробнее о концепции зомби Дэвида Чалмерса и мысленном эксперименте «китайская комната», с помощью которого Джон Сёрл демонстрирует, что наличие субъективного опыта нельзя установить по поведению: John Green, “Where Does Your Mind Reside?”, CrashCourse, YouTube video, August 1, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SJROTXnmus; John Green, “Artificial Intelligence & Personhood”, CrashCourse,