Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

32. Это разновидность компатибилизма – философского учения, допускающего существование свободы воли даже во Вселенной, подчиняющейся некой форме детерминистских законов. См. Green, “Compatibilism”; McKenna and Coates, “Compatibilism”, Stanford Encyclopedia.

33. Подробнее о результатах, полученных нейронаукой в последние десятилетия в ходе исследования взаимодействия полушарий нашего мозга: Ned Herrmann, “Is It True That Creativity Resides in the Right Hemisphere of the Brain?”, Scientific American, January 26, 1998, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-it-true-that-creativit; Dina A. Lienhard, “Roger Sperry’s Split Brain Experiments (1959–1968)”, Embryo Project Encyclopedia, December 27, 2017, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/roger-sperrys-split-brain-experiments-1959-1968; David Wolman, “The Split Brain: A Tale of Two Halves”, Nature 483, no. 7389 (March 14, 2012): 260–63, https://www.nature.com/news/the-split-brain-a-tale-of-two-halves-1.10213.

34. Stella de Bode and Susan Curtiss, “Language After Hemispherectomy”, Brain and Cognition 43, nos. 1–3 (June – August 2000): 135–205.

35. Dana Boatman et al., “Language Recovery After Left Hemispherectomy in Children with Late-Onset Seizures”, Annals of Neurology 46, no. 4 (April 1999): 579–86, https://www.ac ademia.edu/21485724/Language_recovery_after_left_hemispherectomy_in_children _with_late-onset_seizures.

36. Jing Zhou et al., “Axon Position Within the Corpus Callosum Determines Contralateral Cortical Projection”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 29 (July 16, 2013): E2714–E2723, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310233110.

37. Benedict Carey, “Decoding the Brain’s Cacophony”, New York Times, October 31, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/science/telling-the-story-of-the-brains-cacophony-of-competing-voices.html; Michael Gazzaniga, “The Split Brain in Man”, Scientific American 217, no. 2 (August 1967): 24–29, https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0867-24; Alan Alda and David Huntley, “Pieces of Mind”, Scientific American Frontiers (PBS, 1997), ctshad, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc.

38. Michael S. Gazzaniga, “Principles of Human Brain Organization Derived from Split-Brain Studies”, Neuron 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 217–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95) 90280-5; Roger W. Sperry, “Consciousness, Personal Identity, and the Divided Brain”, in The Dual Brain: Hemispheric Specialization in Humans, ed. D. F. Benson and Eran Zaidel (New York: Guilford Publications, 1985), 11–25; William Hirstein, “Self-Deception and Confabulation”, Philosophy of Science 67, no. 3 (September 2000): S418–S429, www.jstor.org/stable/188684.

39. Gazzaniga, “Principles of Human Brain Organization”; Sperry, “Consciousness, Personal Identity, and the Divided Brain”; Hirstein, “Self-Deception and Confabulation”.

40. Richard Apps et al., “Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units”, Cerebellum 17, no. 5 (June 6, 2018): 654–682, https://doi.org/10.1007 /s12311-018-0952-3; Jan Voogd, “What We Do Not Know About Cerebellar Systems Neuroscience”, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8, no. 227 (December 18, 2014), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00227.

41. Подробнее о теории «общества разума» и о том, как она сочетается с современными представлениями нейронауки: Marvin Minsky, “The Society of Mind Theory Developed from Teaching”, Web of Stories – Life Stories of Remarkable People, YouTube video, October 5, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU2SZEW4EWg; Marvin Minsky, “Biological Plausibility of the Society of Mind Theory”, Web of Stories – Life Stories of Remarkable People, YouTube video, October 31, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e02WbBd0F70; Michael N. Shadlen and Adina L. Roskies, “The Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness”, Frontiers in Neuroscience 6, no. 56 (April 23, 2012), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00056; Johannes Friedrich and Máté Lengyel, “Goal-Directed Decision Making with Spiking Neurons”, Journal of Neuroscience 36, no. 5 (February 3, 2016): 1529–46, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2854-15.2016; Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).

42. Sarvi Sharifi et al., “Neuroimaging Essentials in Essential Tremor: A Systematic Review”, NeuroImage Clinical 5 (May 2014): 217–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.003; Rick C. Helmich, David E. Vaillancourt, and David J. Brooks, “The Future of Brain Imaging in Parkinson’s Disease”, Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 8, no. s1 (2018): S47–S51, https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-181482.

43. Подробнее о философии идентичности и изменения: Andre Gallois, “Identity Over Time”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Winter 2016), https:// plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-time.

44. Duncan Graham-Rowe, “World’s First Brain Prosthesis Revealed”, New Scientist, March 2003, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3488.

45. Robert E. Hampson et al., “Developing a Hippocampal Neural Prosthetic to Facilitate Human Memory Encoding and Recall”, Journal of Neural Engineering 15, no. 3 (March 28, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aaaed7.

46. Описание биогенеза митохондрий, менее детальное и более подробное: Jon Lieff, “Dynamic Relationship of Mitochondria and Neurons”, jonlieffmd.com, February 2, 2014, https://jonlieffmd.com/tag/dynamic-of-fission-and-fusion; Thomas Misgeld and Thomas L. Schwarz, “Mitostasis in Neurons: Maintaining Mitochondria in an Extended Cellular Architecture”, Neuron 96, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 651–66, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5687842.

47. Samuel F. Bakhoum and Duane A. Compton, “Kinetochores and Disease: Keeping Microtubule Dynamics in Check!”, Current Opinion in Cell Biology 24, no. 1 (February 2012): 64–70, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294090/#R13; Vincent Meininger and Stephane Binet, “Characteristics of Microtubules at the Different Stages of Neuronal Differentiation and Maturation”, International Review of Cytology 114 (1989): 21–79, https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60858-X.

48. Laurie D. Cohen et al., “Metabolic Turnover of Synaptic Proteins: Kinetics, Interdependencies and Implications for Synaptic Maintenance”, PLoS One 8, no. 5: e63191 (May 2, 2013), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063191.

49. K. H. Huh and R. J. Wenthold, “Turnover Analysis of Glutamate Receptors Identifies a Rapidly Degraded Pool of the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subunit, NR1, in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells”, Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 151–57, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9867823.

50. Erin N. Star, David J. Kwiatkowski, and Venkatesh N. Murthy, “Rapid Turnover of Actin in Dendritic Spines and its Regulation by Activity”, Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 3 (March 2002): 239–46, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850630.

51. “Female Reproductive System”, Cleveland Clinic, последняя проверка доступности 10 марта 2023 года, https:// my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system; Robert D. Martin, “The Macho Sperm Myth”, Aeon, August 23, 2018, https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-that-sperm-race-to-the-egg-is-just-another-macho-myth.

52. Timothy G. Jenkins et al., “Sperm Epigenetics and Aging”, Translational Andrology and Urology 7, suppl. 3 (July 2018): S328–S335, https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.06.10; Ida Donkin and Romain Barrés, “Sperm Epigenetics and the Influence of Environmental Factors”, Molecular Metabolism 14 (August 2018): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2018.02.006.

53. Holly C. Betts et al., “Integrated Genomic and Fossil Evidence Illuminates Life’s Early Evolution and Eukaryote Origin”, Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (August 20, 2018): 1556–62, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x; Elizabeth Pennisi, “Life May Have Originated on Earth 4 Billion Years Ago, Study of Controversial Fossils Suggests”, Science, December 18, 2017, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/life-may-have-originated-earth-4-billion-years-ago-study-controversial-fossils-suggests; Michael Marshall, “Time-line: The Evolution of Life”, New Scientist, July 14, 2009, https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/dn17453-timeline-the-evolution-of-life.

54. Не будем принимать во внимание шансы на то, что ваши родители в принципе встретятся и образуют пару. Вероятность слияния двух конкретных половых клеток (чтобы родились именно вы) составляет примерно 1 из 2 квинтиллионов. То же самое верно для ваших родителей, бабушек и дедушек и т. д. Возьмем любого вашего предка, жившего несколько столетий назад. Вероятно, вы не унаследовали никаких генов, принадлежавших непосредственно ему, но если бы его не было, другие ваши