Ловушка идентичности - Яша Мунк

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Krishnan M. Dear White People, Please Stop Pretending Reverse Racism Is Real // Vice, Oct. 2, 2016. URL: www.vice.com/en/article/kwzjvz/dear-white-people-please-stop-pretending-reverse-racism-is-real

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Stockman F. Women’s March Roiled by Accusations of Anti-Semitism // New York Times, Dec. 23, 2018. URL: www.nytimes.com/2018/12/23/us/womens-march-anti-semitism.html.

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Blaff A. Whitewashing Success //Tablet, Nov. 15, 2021. URL: www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/whitewashing-asian-americans.

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См., например, Farivar M. Anti-Asian Hate Crime Crosses Racial and Ethnic Lines // VOA, March 24, 2021. URL: www.voanews.com/a/usa_anti-asian-hate-crime-crosses-racial-and-ethnic-lines/6203679.html. О том, как этот же механизм используется СМИ для замалчивания нападений на евреев, см. Mounk Y. Political Inconvenience of the Jersey City Shooting.

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См., например: Butler J. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 1999.

[subverting traditional gender norms: See, for example, Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1999).]

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Этот глубокий дискомфорт очевиден из рассказов трансгендерных участников фокус-группы Pew 2022 года. «В раннем детстве, где-то в детском саду [или] первом классе… меня просто [завораживало], что одни люди – маленькие девочки, а другие – маленькие мальчики, и я постоянно об этом думал. И мне стало очень некомфортно просто быть маленькой девочкой» (трансгендерный мужчина, чуть за тридцать). «Я знала это с самого детства. Не могу точно сказать, сколько мне тогда было лет, но я всегда знала: когда я надевала одежду для мальчиков, мне было ужасно некомфортно» (трансгендерная женщина, под сорок). См.: Mitchell T. The Experiences, Challenges, and Hopes of Transgender and Nonbinary U.S. Adults // Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, June 7, 2022. URL: www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/06/07/the-experiences-challenges-and-hopes-of-transgender-and-nonbinary-u-s-adults/.

[are profoundly unhappy: This profound unhappiness is obvious reading the accounts of transgender participants in a 2022 Pew focus group. “As a small child, like around kindergarten [or] first grade . . . I just was [fascinated] by how some people were small girls, and some people were small boys, and it was on my mind constantly. And I started to feel very uncomfortable, just existing as a young girl” (Trans man, early thirties). “I’ve known ever since I was little. I’m not really sure the age, but I just always knew when I put on boy clothes, I just felt so uncomfortable” (Trans woman, late thirties). See Travis Mitchell, “The Experiences, Challenges, and Hopes of Transgender and Nonbinary U.S. Adults,” Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, June 7, 2022, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/06/07/the-experiences-challenges-and-hopes-of-transgender-and-nonbinary-u-s-adults/.]

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Fuentes A. Biological Science Rejects the Sex Binary, and That’s Good for Humanity // Scientist, May 12, 2022. URL: www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/biological-science-rejects-the-sex-binary-and-that-s-good-for-humanity-70008.

[“A simple binary view”: Agustín Fuentes, “Biological Science Rejects the Sex Binary, and That’s Good for Humanity,” Scientist, May 12, 2022, www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/biological-science-rejects-the-sex-binary-and-that-s-good-for-humanity-70008.]

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Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and Gender Differences in Health // EMBO Reports 13, № 7, 2012. P. 596–603. URL: doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.87.

[a key determinant: Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, “Sex and Gender Differences in Health,” EMBO Reports 13, no. 7 (2012): 596–603, doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.87.]

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См., например: Sax L. How Common Is Intersex? A Response to Anne Fausto-Sterling // Journal of Sex Research 39, № 3, January 2002. P. 174–78. URL: doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552139. Точно определить долю таких людей сложно, поскольку она зависит от того, какое именно определение интерсекс-вариаций используется. Однако, по мнению большинства специалистов, «в одном случае на 1500–2000 рождений ребенок появляется на свет с настолько явно нетипичными гениталиями, что требуется консультация специалиста по половой дифференцировке». How Common Is Intersex? // Intersex Society of North America. URL: isna.org/faq/frequency/ (Дата обращения: 18.01.2023).

[an intersex condition: See, for example, Leonard Sax, “How Common Is Intersex? A Response to Anne Fausto-Sterling,” Journal of Sex Research 39, no. 3 (Jan. 2002): 174–78, doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552139. A determination of the exact percentage is complicated because it depends on the precise definition of “intersex.” However, according to most experts, “a child is born so noticeably atypical in terms of genitalia that a specialist in sex differentiation is called in in between 1 in 1500 to 1 in 2000 births.” “How Common Is Intersex?,” Intersex Society of North America, accessed Jan. 18, 2023, isna.org/faq/frequency/.]

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GLAAD (@glaad) // Twitter, March 24, 2021. URL: twitter.com/glaad/status/1374840653704728578.

[“History! Dr. Rachel Levine”: GLAAD (@glaad), Twitter, March 24, 2021, twitter.com/glaad/status/1374840653704728578.]

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Я не приписываю оппонентам вымышленную позицию. См., например, статью в авторитетном медицинском журнале, где рекомендуется «отказаться от вопросов о поле, определенном при рождении [в медицинском контексте]»: Alpert A. B., Ruddick R., Manzano C. Rethinking Sex-Assigned-at-Birth Questions // British Medical Journal 373, № 8294, 2021. URL: doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1261.

[demands of sex: I am not responding to a straw man here. See, for example, this article in a prominent medical journal recommending that “questions about sex assigned at birth [in a medical context] are abandoned”: Ash B. Alpert, Roman Ruddick, and Charlie Manzano, “Rethinking Sex-Assigned-at-Birth Questions,” British Medical Journal 373, no. 8294 (2021), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1261.]

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Burnett S. Do Trans Athletes Have an Unfair Advantage? // DW, July 24, 2021. URL: www.dw.com/en/fact-check-do-trans-athletes-have-an-advantage-in-elite-sport/a-58583988.

[significant physical advantages: Stephanie Burnett, “Do Trans Athletes Have an Unfair Advantage?,” DW, July 24, 2021, www.dw.com/en/fact-check-do-trans-athletes-have-an-advantage-in-elite-sport/a-58583988.]

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В русскоязычном издании этот фрагмент был опущен из-за неуютов цензуры. В оригинале: «Feminists rightly stress that we miss important aspects of the world when we exclusively focus our attention on biological sex. To understand how men and women have long related to each other, we must also consider gender, the set of social expectations about how individuals who are biologically male or female do or should act.

A recognition of the importance of gender opens up space for a contestation of traditional gender norms. As feminists have long argued, subverting traditional gender norms can be an effective way to challenge the unfair expectations that have historically been put on women. And as trans activists have pointed out of late, some people who are born biologically male are