Тяга. Всемирная история зависимости - Карл Эрик Фишер

and the Origin of Narcotic Control in the Nineteenth-Century Urban North” (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 2006), 380–385; John Helmer and Thomas Vietorisz, Drug Use, the Labor Market and Class Conflict (Washington, DC: Drug Abuse Council, 1974), 10–13, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED108098.pdf.

407

German Lopez, “The Single Biggest Reason America Is Failing in Its Response to the Opioid Epidemic,” Vox, December 18, 2017, https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/12/18/16635910/opioid-epidemic-lessons. Также часто цитируется Национальное исследование употребления наркотиков и здоровья (NSDUH), в частности таблица 7.67B (в которое объединены несколько категорий), в подтверждение того, что стигматизация является основной причиной, по которой люди с расстройством употребления психоактивных веществ не обращаются за помощью, однако это спорный момент. Подробное обсуждение этого вопроса см. в Jason Schwartz, “Reasons for Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment,” Recovery Review (блог), September 14, 2020, https://recoveryreview.blog/2020/09/14/reasons-for-not-receiving-substance-use-treatment/; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, 2020), table 7.67B, https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-nsduh-annual-national-report.

408

Virginia Berridge, Opium and the People, rev. ed. (New York: Free Association Books, 1999), 200–202.

409

Вот одна из таких историй: J. J. Acheson, “A Night in an Opium Den,” Centennial Magazine, April 1890, 668, https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Centennial_Magazine/H7ICAAAAIAAJ. О чайна-таунах как главном объекте страха перед китайцами см. H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800–1980 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), 7, 33–35; Courtwright, Forces of Habit, 32–33, 135–136, 177; Timothy A. Hickman, The Secret Leprosy of Modern Days: Narcotic Addiction and Cultural Crisis in the United States, 1870–1920 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 29, 61; Doris Marie Provine, Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), loc. 964 of 2874.

410

Berridge, Opium and the People, 196–197; Virginia Berridge, Demons: Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 82. Другие относящиеся к тому времени примеры разлагающего влияния опиума можно найти в некоторых рассказах о Шерлоке Холмсе и романе Оскара Уайльда «Портрет Дориана Грея».

411

Arnold Jaffe, Addiction Reform in the Progressive Age: Scientific and Social Responses to Drug Dependence in the United States, 1870–1930 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1976), 46–79.

412

Sarah W. Tracy, Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 20, 68; Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: America’s Enduring Confrontation with Poverty (New York: Oxford University, 2013); Alice O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U. S. History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).

413

Morgan, Drugs in America, 7–8.

414

William Rosser Cobbe, Doctor Judas: A Portrayal of the Opium Habit (Chicago, 1895), 125, 133.

415

David Herzberg, White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), 17.

416

William White, “Addiction as a Disease: Birth of a Concept,” Counselor 1, no. 1 (2000): 46–51, 73, http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/pr/2000HistoryoftheDiseaseConceptSeries.pdf; Hickman, Secret Leprosy.

417

Herzberg, White Market Drugs, 20–21, 32–34.

418

Morgan, Drugs in America, 92–93.

419

Joseph F. Spillane, Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 18–19, 32, 43–44.

420

Importation and Use of Opium: Hearings Before the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives on H. R. 25240, H. R. 25241, H. R. 25242, and H. R. 28971, 61st Cong. 72 (1911) (заявление д-ра Кристофера Коха, вице-президента Государственной фармацевтической комиссии Пенсильвании).

421

Edward Huntington Williams, “The Drug-Habit Menace in the South,” Medical Record 85, no. 6 (February 1914): 247–249, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medical_Record/e20cAQAAMAAJ.

422

David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 7.

423

Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters,” 438–446; Spillane, Cocaine, 32–34, 91–94; Hickman, Secret Leprosy, 72.

424

Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters,” 480. См. также Spillane, Cocaine, 119–121; Musto, American Disease, 5–8; Courtwright, Dark Paradise, 96–98; David Courtwright, “The Hidden Epidemic: Opiate Addiction and Cocaine in the South, 1860–1920,” Journal of Southern History 49, no. 1 (February 1983): 69–71, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11614816.

425

“Negro Cocaine Evil,” New York Times, March 20, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/03/20/223718772.pdf.

426

S. Doc No. 61–377, at 48 (1910), https://books.google.com/books?id=L_NGAQAAIAAJ; Richard DeGrandpre, The Cult of Pharmacology (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 132.

427

David Musto, “Introduction: The Origins of Heroin,” в кн. One Hundred Years of Heroin, ed. David Musto, Pamela Korsmeyer, and Thomas W. Maulucci Jr. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002), xiii–xv. Героин стал первым полусинтетическим опиоидом, получившим широкое распространение. Он состоит из молекулы морфина и двух ацетильных групп, которые присоединяются к ней, усиливая и ускоряя ее воздействие, отсюда и химическое название – диацетилморфин.

428

David Courtwright, “The Roads to H: The Emergence of the American Heroin Complex, 1898–1956,” в кн. Musto, Korsmeyer, and Maulucci, One Hundred Years of Heroin, 7–8.

429

Herzberg, White Market Drugs, 17–18; David Herzberg, “Entitled to Addiction? Pharmaceuticals, Race, and America’s First Drug War,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 91, no. 3 (Fall 2017): 586–623, https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2017.0061.

430

Berridge, Demons, 71.

431

Бет Мейси, интервью с Крисом Хейвзом: “On the Frontlines of Opioid Addiction with Beth Macy,” NBC News, February 11, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/frontlines-opioid-addiction-beth-macy-podcast-transcript-ncna1132471; Matthew D. Lassiter, “Impossible Criminals: The