Тяга. Всемирная история зависимости - Карл Эрик Фишер

Harry Man Xiong Lai et al., “Prevalence of Comorbid Substance Use, Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Epidemiological Surveys, 1990–2014: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 154 (September 1, 2015): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.031. Отдельные исследования оценивают уровень коморбидности как близкий или даже равный 100 %: Rosemary E. F. Kingston, Christina Marel, and Katherine L. Mills, “A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Comorbid Mental Health Disorders in People Presenting for Substance Use Treatment in Australia,” Drug and Alcohol Review 36, no. 4 (2017): 527–539, https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12448.

903

Ronald C. Kessler et al., “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 617–627, https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617. О кросскультурных исследованиях, также выявивших высокий уровень коморбидности, см. Oleguer Plana-Ripoll et al., “Exploring Comorbidity within Mental Disorders among a Danish National Population,” JAMA Psychiatry 76, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 259, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658; Annika Steffen et al., “Mental and Somatic Comorbidity of Depression: A Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Analysis of 202 Diagnosis Groups Using German Nationwide Ambulatory Claims Data,” BMC Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 142, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888–020–02546–8.

904

Jalie A. Tucker, Susan D. Chandler, and Katie Witkiewitz, “Epidemiology of Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorder,” Alcohol Research 40, no. 3 (2020): 2, https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.3.02.

905

Gene M. Heyman, “Addiction and Choice: Theory and New Data,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4 (2013), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00031.

906

Gene M. Heyman, Addiction: A Disorder of Choice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 67–83. По оценкам исследований, шансы на то, что серьезное расстройство употребления перейдет в стадию ремиссии в течение жизни, невероятно высоки: 83,7 % для никотина, 90,6 % для алкоголя, 97,2 % для каннабиса и 99,2 % для кокаина. Catalina Lopez-Quintero et al., “Probability and Predictors of Remission from Life-Time Nicotine, Alcohol, Cannabis or Cocaine Dependence: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Addiction 106, no. 3 (2011): 657–669, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360–0443.2010.03194.x. См. также Wilson M. Compton et al., “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Drug Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 5 (2007): 566–576, https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566.

907

Jerome C. Wakefield, Mark F. Schmitz, “The Harmful Dysfunction Model of Alcohol Use Disorder: Revised Criteria to Improve the Validity of Diagnosis and Prevalence Estimates,” Addiction 110, no. 6 (June 2015): 931–942, https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12859. Jerome C. Wakefield, Mark F. Schmitz, “Corrigendum: How Many People Have Alcohol Use Disorders? Using the Harmful Dysfunction Analysis to Reconcile Prevalence Estimates in Two Community Surveys,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 5, no. 144 (2014), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00144.

908

Scott Vrecko, “Birth of a Brain Disease: Science, the State and Addiction Neuropolitics,” History of the Human Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2010): 52–67, https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695110371598. Об открытии опиоидных рецепторов в целом см. David Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 211.

909

Nancy D. Campbell, Discovering Addiction: The Science and Politics of Substance Abuse Research (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 211.

910

David Healy, “Twisted Thoughts and Twisted Molecules,” in The Creation of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 210.

911

Candace B. Pert, Solomon H. Snyder, “Opiate Receptor: Demonstration in Nervous Tissue,” Science 179, no. 4077 (March 1973): 1011–1014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4077.1011.

912

В 1978 году Снайдер, Хьюз и Костерлиц, но не Перт, получили одну из самых престижных наград в области медицины – премию Ласкера. Перт возражала против такого решения, заявила, что она была автором работы и боролась за признание своих заслуг, несмотря на сопротивление Снайдера и то, что он угрожал убрать ее из соавторов, и это разрослось в международный скандал, в котором звучали отголоски и других случаев, когда мужчины присваивали себе научные заслуги женщин, например Кэтрин Джонсон и Розалинд Франклин. “Lasker Award Stirs Controversy,” Science 203, no. 4378 (January 1979): 341, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216074.

913

Campbell, Discovering Addition, 210. Also Nancy D. Campbell, “Multiple Commitments: Heterogeneous Histories of Neuroscientific Addiction Research,” в кн. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, ed. Hanna Pickard and Serge H. Ahmed (New York: Routledge, 2019), 240–250.

914

A. Goldstein, “Opioid Peptides (Endorphins) in Pituitary and Brain,” Science 193, no. 4258 (September 1976): 7, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.959823.

915

Harold M. Schinieck Jr., “Opiate-Like Substances in Brain May Hold Clue to Pain and Mood,” New York Times, October 2, 1977, https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/02/archives/opiatelike-substances-in-brain-may-hold-clue-to-pain-and-mood.html.

916

Julie Deardorff, “Chasing Facts on Runners’ High,” Chicago Tribune, October 10, 2003, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003–10–12–0310120504-story.html.

917

William S. Burroughs Jr., Cursed from Birth, ed. David Ohle (Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press, 2006), 190.

918

Eric J. Nestler, “Historical Review: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Opiate and Cocaine Addiction,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 2004): 210–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2004.02.005. «Ранние исследования [рецепторов] не выявили устойчивых изменений в опиоидных рецепторах, транспортерах моноаминовых или иных клетках, которые могут отвечать за развитие толерантности и физической зависимости от наркотиков».

919

Solomon H. Snyder, “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby!” in The Opiate Receptors, ed. Gavril W. Pasternak (New York: Springer, 2010), 4. См. также Nancy D. Campbell, OD: Naloxone and the Politics of Overdose (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), 43–44.

920

Donald Goodwin, Is Alcoholism Hereditary? One in Six Families in America Is Affected by Alcoholism. Here Is the Answer to Their Most Pressing Question (New York: Random House, 1988).

921

См., например, Margot Slade, Wayne Biddle, “Ideas and Trends; Inheriting Alcoholism,” New York Times, July 25, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/25/weekinreview/ideas-and-trends-inheriting-alcoholism.html; Lucinda Franks, “A New Attack on Alcoholism,” New York Times, October