Эпоха пропаганды - Эллиот Аронсон

77

Bromley, D. G., & Silver, E. D. (1995). The Davidian tradition. In S. A. Wright (Ed.), Armageddon in Waco (pp. 43–72). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

78

Orwell, G. (1949). 1984. New York: New American Library, p. 246.

79

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

80

Bern, S. L., & Bern, D. J. (1973). Does sex-biased job advertising “aid and abet” sex discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, 6-18. For more examples of the effects of sex bias in language, see Henley, N. (1989). Molehill or mountain? What we know and don’t know about sex bias in language. In M. Crawford & M. Gentry (Eds.), Gender and thought (pp. 59–78). New York: Springer-Verlag.

81

Ries, A., & Trout, J. (1981). Positioning: The battle for your mind. New York: Warner.

82

Miller, R. L., Brickman, P., & Bolin, D. (1975). Attribution versus persuasion as a means for modifying behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 430–441.

83

Miller, Brickman, & Bolin (1975), см. прим. 12.

84

Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perceptions and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656–666.

85

Цит. по Thomson, O. (1977). Mass persuasion in history. Edinburgh: Paul Harris, p. 111.

86

Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

87

Evans, W. (1996). Science and reason in film and television. Skeptical Inquirer, 20, 45–48, 58; Gerbner, G. (1987). Science on television: How it affects public conceptions. Issues in Science and Technology, 3, 109–115; Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 17–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

88

Цит. по Newsweek, December 6, 1982, p. 40.

89

Haney, C, & Manzolati, J. (1981). Television criminology: Network illusions on criminal justice realities. In E. Aronson (Ed.), Readings about the social animal (3rd ed., pp. 125–136). New York: Freeman.

90

See Heath, L. (1984). Impact of newspaper crime reports on fear of crime: Multimethodological investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 263–276; Linz, D. G., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 758–768; Lavine, H., Sweeney, D., & Wagner, S. H. (1999). Depicting women as sex objects in television advertising: Effects on body dissatisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1049–1058; Hennigan, K., Heath, L., Wharton, J. D., Del Rosario, M., Cook, T. D., & Calder, B. (1982). Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: Empirical findings and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 461–477.

91

Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

92

Rogers, E. M., & Dearing, J. W. (1988). Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, where is it going? In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 555–594). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. For an excellent review of research on agenda setting, see Dearing, J. W, & Rogers, E. M. (1996). Agenda-setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

93

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176–187.

94

Цит. по Dilenschneider, R. L. (1990). Power and influence. New York: Prentice Hall.

95

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. See also Strange, J. J., & Leung, C. C. (1999). How anecdotal accounts in news and fiction can influence judgments of a social problem’s urgency, causes, and cures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 436–449.

96

Hart, R. P. (1987). The sound of leadership. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

97

Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). Propaganda and persuasion in the 1992 U.S. presidential election: What are the implications for a democracy? Current World Leaders, 36, 341–362.

98

Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

99

Цит. по Jacobson, M. E, & Mazur, L. A. (1995). Marketing madness. Boulder, CO: Westview, p. 15.

100

Цит. по Rogers and Dearing (1988), см. прим. 7.

101

Описание метафор, которые применялись во время войны в Персидском заливе в 1991 году, см.: Conners, J. L. (1998). Hussein as enemy: The Persian Gulf war in political cartoons. Press/Politics, 3, 96-114; Rohrer, T. (1995). The metaphorical logic of (political) rape: The new wor(l)d order. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 115–137.

102

Gilovich, T. (1981). Seeing the past in the present: The effects of associations to familiar events on judgments and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 797–808.

103

Исследование метафор и мышления см.: Bowers, J. W., & Osborn, M. M. (1966). Attitudinal effects of selected types of concluding metaphors in persuasive speeches. Speech Monographs, 33, 147–155; Gibbs, R. W. (1994). The poetics of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Johnson, J. T, & Taylor, S. E. (1981). The effect of metaphor