Противоповстанчество - Дуглас Порч

class="p1">78. Jeffrey Smith, “U.S. Military Admits Major Mistakes in Iraq and Afghanistan,” The Atlantic, June 11, 2012, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/us-military-admits-major-mistakes-in-iraq-and-afghanistan/258339/.

79. Colonel Richard Iron, “Britain’s Longest War: Northern Ireland 1967–2007,” в работе: Daniel Marston and Carter Malkasian (eds.), Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare (London and New York: Osprey, 2008), 177, 183; в отчете МО Великобритании по итогам операции «Знамя» (MOD, Operation Banner, 8.12, 8.3 passim) пришли к тем же выводам: «С военной точки зрения, на протяжении бóльшей части кампании не наблюдалось никакой слаженности и согласованности. Было мало свидетельств наличия стратегического видения и долгосрочного плана».

80. Betz and Cormack, “Iraq, Afghanistan and British Strategy,” 336

11. Заключение

1. Gian P. Gentile, “Learning, Adapting and the Perils of the New Counterinsurgency,” Survival, 51:6 (December 2009–January 2010), 200; этот же аргумент приводится в работе: Robert Kaplan, Imperial Grunts: On the Ground with the U.S. Military from Mongolia to the Philippines to Iraq and Beyond (New York: Vintage, 2006); Bart Schuurman, “Clausewitz and the ‘New Wars’ Scholars,” Parameters (Spring 2010), 89–100.

2. Бывший сотрудник Совета национальной безопасности Кори Шаке настаивает на том, что основная задача Петреуса была более сложной, чем задача Эйзенхауэра во Второй мировой войне. “Win Wars? Today’s Generals Must Also Meet, Manage, Placate, Politic, and Do P.R.,” New York Times, August 13, 2010.

3. Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 160.

4. Michael Hastings, The Operators: The Wild and Terrifying Inside Story of America’s War in Afghanistan (New York: Blue Rider Press, 2012), 356–57.

5. William Deane Stanley, “El Salvador: State-Building before and after Democratisation,1980–95,” Third World Quarterly, 27:1 (August2006), 101–14.

6. Andrew E. Kramer, “U.S. Leaving Iraqi Comrades-in-Arms in Limbo,” New York Times, December 14, 2011, A6; Tim Arango, “U.S. May Jettison Efforts to Train Iraq Police Units,” New York Times, May 13, 2012.

7. Hastings, The Operators, 366–67; Стивен Биддл утверждает, что в Афганистане ни один повстанец не переходил на другую сторону, как в Анбаре. В этих обстоятельствах, в отличие от Анбара, афганские ополченцы, союзные американским войскам, не располагали разведданными о повстанческом движении, которое не ослабевало из-за дезертирства. См. презентацию Биддла, “Reassessing Counterinsurgency: Theory and Practice,” The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, University of Texas at Austin, June 7–9, 2012.

8. Christian Tripodi, “Peacemaking through Bribes or Cultural Empathy? The Political Officer and Britain’s Strategy towards the North-West Frontier, 1901–1945,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 31:1 (February 2008), 144–48.

9. Hastings, The Operators, Chapter 36, 315.

10. Major Maria Vedder, “Engaging the Female Populace,” Headquarters International Security Assistance Force, www.google.com/#hl=en&sa=X&ei=TwJUT8mwMManiQKv2_y0Bg&ved=0CBgQvwUoAA&q=Major+ Maria+Vedder,+%E2%80%9CEngaging+the+Female+Populace,%E2%80%9D+Headquarters+international+Security+Assistance+Force,&spell=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=43fcdc5b603cde22&biw=1016&bih=542; Elisabeth Bullmiller, “Letting Women Reach Women in Afghanistan,” New York Times, March 6, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/world/asia/07women.html; Lisa Re Brooks, “Female Engagement Teams (FET),” Human Terrain Systems, October 28, 2010, http://openanthropology.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/fet.pdf.

11. David French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967 (Oxford University Press, 2011), глава 7.

12. См, к примеру: James A. Russell, Innovation, Transformation, and War: Counterinsurgency Operations in Anbar and Ninewa Provinces, Iraq, 2005–2007 (Stanford University Press, 2011).

13. Chase Madar, “‘War Crime’ Delusions,” Salon.com, April 16, 2012, www.salon.com/2012/04/16/war_crime_delusions/singleton/

14. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 314–15.

15. Huw Bennett, “‘Smoke Without Fire’? Allegations against the British Army in Northern Ireland, 1972–5,” Twentieth Century British History (2012), 1–30.

16. Thom Shanker and Graham Bowley, “Images of G.I.s and Remains Fuel Fears of Ebbing Discipline,” New York Times, April 18, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/us-condemns-photo-of-soldiers-posing-with-body-parts.html?_r=1&hp.

17. Lt. Col. Daniel L. Davis, “Truth, Lies and Afghanistan: How Military Leaders Have Let Us Down,” Armed Forces Journal, February 2012, http://armedforcesjournal.com/2012/02/8904030; Rita Maran, Torture. The Role of Ideology in the French-Algerian War (New York: Praeger, 1989), 16.

18. Simon Anglim, Orde Wingate and the British Army 1922–1944 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010), 142.

19. www.imdb.com/title/tt0058946/.

20. Alexis Jenni, L’Art français de la guerre (Paris: Gallimard, 2011), 191; точка зрения, поддержанная в работе: Martin Evans, Algeria: France’s Undeclared War (Oxford University Press, 2012), 234.

21. Hastings, The Operators, 378.

22. Anna Simons, “Anthropology, Culture and COIN in a Hybrid Warfare World,” в работе: Paul Brister, William Natter, and Robert Tomes (eds.), Hybrid Warfare and Transnational Threats: Perspectives for an Era of Persistent Conflict (New York: CENSA, 2011), 85–88; Jeffrey Bordin, “A Crisis of Trust and Cultural Incompatibility: A Red Team Study of Mutual Perceptions of Afghan National Security Force Personnel and U.S. Soldiers in Understanding and Mitigating the Phenomena of ANSF-Committed Fratricide-Murders,” May 12, 2011, 4, www.michaelyon-online.com/images/pdf/trustincompatibility.pdf; Hastings, The Operators, 270–73. О трениях между «Джи-Ай» и АРВН во Вьетнаме, см: Eric M. Bergerud, The Dynamics of Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 226–34.

23. Jenni, L’Art français de la guerre, 25.

24. Human Terrain Team Performance: An Explanation (Washington, DC, Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, April 13, 2012), 146–47. Я благодарен авторам, доктору Джеймсу Дугласу Ортону, Майклу Дэвису и Теду Пикульски, за раннюю версию этого важного предстоящего исследования.

25. Evans, Algeria, 349.

26. David Feith, “H. R. McMaster: The Warrior’s-Eye View of Afghanistan,” Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2012.

27. См, например: Dominique Strauss-Kahn, “Why We Need a Marshall Plan for Haiti,” Huffington Post, January 22, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/dominique-strausskahn/why-we-need-a-marshall-pl_b_432919.html; или S.M. Krishna, “Afghanistan Needs a Marshall Plan,” NDTV, December 5, 2011, www.ndtv.com/article/india/afghanistan-needs-a-marshall-plan-sm-krishna-inbonn-155523.

28. Deborah Avant and Lee Sigelman, “Private Security and Democracy: Lessons from the US in Iraq,” Security Studies, 19:2 (May 2010), 262.

29. P. W. Singer, “Can’t Win with ’Em, Can’t Go to War Without ’Em: Private Military Contractors and Counterinsurgency,” Brookings Institution, Policy Paper No. 4 (September 2007), 5, 8; “Karzai Slams Private Security Firms,” Al Jazeera, October 25, 2010, www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/10/201010259352891476.html.

30. См, к примеру: Alex Marshall, “Imperial Nostalgia, the Liberal Lie, and the Perils of Postmodern Counterinsurgency,” Small Wars & Insurgencies, 21:2 (June 2010), 233–58; Bob Herbert, “Worse than a Nightmare,” New York Times, June 25, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/06/26/opinion/26herbert.html? ref=opinion.

31. David Betz and Anthony Cormack, “Iraq, Afghanistan and British Strategy,” Orbis (Spring 2009), 332.

32. Gordon Craig, “Delbrück: The Military Historian,” в работе: Peter Paret (ed.), The Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton University Press, 1986), 326; Peter Paret, Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times (Princeton University Press, 1985), 348–49.

33. Eliot A. Cohen, “The Historical Mind and Military Strategy,” Orbis, 49:4 (Fall