Тяга. Всемирная история зависимости - Карл Эрик Фишер

68–86; H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800–1980 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), 75–82.

190

White, Slaying the Dragon, 69.

191

Eliyahu Kamisher, “Dueling Lawsuits between Malibu Rehab Centers Expose the Shady Side of the Recovery Industry,” Los Angeles Magazine, February 12, 2020, https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/dueling-lawsuits-between-malibu-rehab-centers-expose-the-shady-side-of-the-recovery-industry/.

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Keeley, Opium, 46; Timothy A. Hickman, “Keeping Secrets: Leslie E. Keeley, the Gold Cure, and the 19th-Century Neuroscience of Addiction,” Addiction 113, no. 9 (June 2018): 1739–1749, https://doi.org/10.1111/add.1422.

193

Alan I. Leshner, “Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters,” Science 278, no. 5335 (October 1997): 45–47, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5335.45.

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“Leshner: ‘Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters,’ ” Google Scholar, accessed February 6, 2021, https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16995262381563870016, Для сравнения, эта статья Лешнера обогнала вышедшую в тот же год редакционную статью Стэнли Прузинера, лауреата Нобелевской премии того года, в журнале Science: “Prion Diseases and the BSE Crisis,” Science 278, no. 5336 (October 1997): 245–251, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5336.245.

195

Sally Satel, Scott O. Lilienfeld, “Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4 (2014): 141, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00141.

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Derek Heim, “Addiction: Not Just Brain Malfunction,” Nature 507, no. 40 (March 2014), https://doi.org/10.1038/507040e.

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American Society of Addiction Medicine, “Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction,” April 12, 2011, https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/public-policy-statements/1definition_of_addiction_long_4–11.pdf (курсив наш). Дальнейшее обсуждение: David E. Smith, “The Process Addictions and the New ASAM Definition of Addiction,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 44, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.662105.

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John Locke, “Madness,” в кн. The Life of John Locke: With Extracts from His Correspondence, Journals and Common-Place Books, ed. Lord Peter King (London, 1829), 328, https://books.google.com/books?id=AuFSCJWCcwEC&pg=PA328; Osborn, Rum Maniacs, гл. 1. Однако приписывать Локку представление об уме как tabula rasa было бы чрезмерным упрощением. Судя по всему, взгляды Локка были более взвешенными. См. Han-Kyul Kim, “Locke and the Mind-Body Problem: An Interpretation of His Agnosticism,” Philosophy 83, no. 326 (2008): 439–458, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003181910800082X.

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Trotter, An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical, 1–5, 172.

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Edward A. Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Asylum (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 10–16.

201

Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to All Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (1997; repr. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 305.

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William F. Bynum, “Chronic Alcoholism in the First Half of the 19th Century,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 42, no. 2 (March 1968): 160–185, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44450720.

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Friedrich-Wilhelm Kielhorn, “The History of Alcoholism: Brühl-Cramer’s Concepts and Observations,” Addiction 91, no. 1 (January 1996): 121–128, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360–0443.1996.91112114.x.

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Andreas, Killer High, 39.

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Kielhorn, “History of Alcoholism,” 123–125. Нужно отметить, что Брюль-Крамер убедительно доказывал, что поскольку алкоголизм имеет биологическую основу, к нему следует относиться с состраданием, как к болезни, а не недостатку нравственности.

206

Porter, Greatest Benefit, 502; Bynum, “Chronic Alcoholism,” 164, 185.

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Eric T. Carlson,Jeffrey L. Wollock, “Benjamin Rush and His Insane Son,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 51, no. 11 (1975): 1326.

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Вслед за Дэниелом Дэннетом психиатр Салли Сейтел и психолог Скотт Лилиенфилд, принципиальные критики концепции заболевания мозга, назвали эту идею формой «алчного редукционизма»: Sally Satel, Scott O. Lilienfeld, “If Addiction Is Not Best Conceptualized a Brain Disease, Then What Kind of Disease Is It?” Neuroethics 10, no. 1 (April 2017): 19–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152–016–9287–2. Более общие соображения см. также в работе Gregory A. Miller, “Mistreating Psychology in the Decades of the Brain,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5, no. 6 (December 2010): 716–743, https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610388774.

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Kent C. Berridge, “Is Addiction a Brain Disease?” Neuroethics 10, no. 1 (April 2017): 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152–016–9286–3; Moore, “Addiction, Responsibility, and Neuroscience.”

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Lorraine T. Midanik, “Biomedicalization and Alcohol Studies: Implications for Policy,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25, no. 2 (April 2004): 211–228, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190021; Lorraine T. Midanik, Biomedicalization of Alcohol Studies: Ideological Shifts and Institutional Challenges (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2006).

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Amy Loughman, Nick Haslam, “Neuroscientific Explanations and the Stigma of Mental Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Study,” Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications 3, no. 45 (November 2018), https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235–018–0136–1; Erlend P. Kvaale, Nick Haslam, William H. Gottdiener, “The ‘Side-Effects’ of Medicalization: A Meta-Analytic Review of How Biogenetic Explanations Affect Stigma,” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 6 (August 2013): 782–794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.002. Brett J. Deacon, Grayson L. Baird, “The Chemical Imbalance Explanation of Depression: Reducing Blame at What Cost?” Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 28, no. 4 (April 2009): 415–435, https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.415.

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Nora Volkow, “Addiction Is a Disease of Free Will,” Nora’s Blog, National Institute on Drug Abuse, June 12, 2015, https://archives.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2015/06/addiction-disease-free-will.

213

Carl von Brühl-Kramer, Über die Trunksucht […] (Berlin, 1819), 21–22, цит. по Bynum, “Chronic Alcoholism,” 170.

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Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, 5th ed. (Philadelphia, 1835), 358, https://books.google.com/books?id=l-oRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA358.

215

Finan, Drunks, 1–2.

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Письмо Эймоса А. Эванса Б. Рашу, 16 июня 1809 года (Amos A. Evans, letter to Benjamin Rush, June 16, 1809), цит. по Carlson, Wollock, “Benjamin Rush,” 1324; Fried, Rush, 444.

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Письмо Бенджамина Раша Джону Адамсу, 26 апреля 1810 года (Benjamin Rush, letter to John Adams, April 26, 1810), Founders Online, National Archive, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99–02–02–5523.

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