Тяга. Всемирная история зависимости - Карл Эрик Фишер

Stephen Fried, Rush: Revolution, Madness, and Benjamin Rush, the Visionary Doctor Who Became a Founding Father (New York: Crown, 2018), 207.

165

Peter Andreas, Killer High: A History of War in Six Drugs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 27.

166

Fried, Rush, 232–238.

167

Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962), http://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/view?%20id=ADMS-01–02–02–0005–0003–0013.

168

Benjamin Rush Travel Diary, 1784 April 2–7, brpst023001:22, Benjamin and Julia Stockton Rush Papers, Duke University, https://repository.duke.edu/dc/rushbenjaminandjulia/brpst023001.

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Mark Edward Lender, James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 30; Joseph Michael Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters: Drugs, Addiction, and the Origin of Narcotic Control in the Nineteenth-Century Urban North” (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 2006), 112–113.

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Michael Goode, “Dangerous Spirits: How the Indian Critique of Alcohol Shaped Eighteenth-Century Quaker Revivalism,” Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 14, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 256–283, https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2016.0007.

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Benjamin Franklin, “To the Printer of the Gazette,” Pennsylvania Gazette, July 22–August 2, 1736, Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/39391139/.

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Fried, Rush, 264–265.

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Christopher Cook, Alcohol, Addiction, and Christian Ethics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 117; Ernest Kurtz, Not God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, MN: Hazelden Educational Materials, 1979), 166; Harry Gene Levine, “The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2, no. 1 (Winter 1985): 43–57; Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters,” 119; Linda A. Mercadante, Victims & Sinners: Spiritual Roots of Addiction and Recovery (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 116, 143.

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Charles E. Rosenberg, Janet Goldman, and Stephen Peitzman, “Framing Disease,” Hospital Practice 27, no. 7 (July 1992): 179–221, https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705460. См. также Charles E. Rosenberg, “Disease in History: Frames and Framers,” Milbank Quarterly 67, no. S1 (1989): 1–15, https://doi.org/10.2307/3350182.

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О «юридическом» определении болезни см. Michael S. Moore, “Addiction, Responsibility, and Neuroscience,” University of Illinois Law Review 202, no. 2: 384, https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Moore.pdf. Пикард утверждает, что явление не обязательно должно классифицироваться как болезнь, чтобы быть объектом медицинского лечения: Hanna Pickard, “What We’re Not Talking about When We Talk about Addiction,” Hastings Center Report 50, no. 4 (July/ August 2020): 37–46, https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1172.

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“Psychiatric Categories as Natural Kinds: Essentialist Thinking about Mental Disorder,” Social Research 67, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 1032.

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Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits […], 8th ed. (Boston, 1823), 31, https://books.google.com/books?id=-6UoAAAAYAAJ.

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Thomas Trotter, An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical […] (London, 1804), 1–5, 172, https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Essay_Medical_Philosophical_and_Chemi/b2NHAAAAYAAJ.

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Roy Porter, “Introduction,” в кн, An Essay Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical on Drunkenness and Its Effects on the Human Body, by Thomas Trotter, ed. Roy Porter (London, 1804; New York: Routledge, 1988), xiv. Троттеру было далеко до известности Раша, однако он оказал определенное влияние, и его эссе выдержало несколько переизданий и было переведено на немецкий и шведский языки.

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George Cheyne, An Essay of Health and Long Life (London, 1724; Ann Arbor, MI: Text Creation Partnership, 2011), 52–53, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004834818.0001.000?rgn=main;view=fulltext. См. также Roy Porter, “The Drinking Man’s Disease: The ‘Pre-History’ of Alcoholism in Georgian Britain,” British Journal of Addiction, 80, no. 4 (December 1985):” 392; Christopher M. Finan, Drunks: An American History (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017), 57.

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James Nicholls, The Politics of Alcohol (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2009), 60; George Cheyne, The English Malady: Or, a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of All Kinds […] (London, 1733), 325–326, https://archive.org/details/englishmaladyort00cheyuoft/page/324/mode/2up.

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Anthony Benezet, The Mighty Destroyer Displayed […] (Philadelphia, 1774; Ann Arbor, MI: Text Creation Partnership, 2011), 8, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N32312.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext. Из-за призыва к полному отказу от алкоголя памфлет Бенезета часто цитируется как первое произведение в американской антиалкогольной литературе, хотя работа Оккома вышла на два года раньше.

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Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits, 8.

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Раш часто возвращался к этому исследованию и развивал его, и каждый раз он усиливал акцент на том, что хроническое пьянство является заболеванием ума. Историк Мэтью Осборн составил подробное описание эволюции взглядов Раша в течение его жизни: Matthew Warner Osborn, Rum Maniacs: Alcoholic Insanity in the Early American Republic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 23–24; Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters,” 117.

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Robert L. North, “Benjamin Rush, MD: Assassin or Beloved Healer?” Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 13, no. 1 (January 2000): 45–49, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2000.11927641; “Politics of Yellow Fever in Alexander Hamilton’s America,” U. S. National Library of Medicine, обновлено 16 ноября 2018, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/politicsofyellowfever/index.html; Kenneth R. Foster, Mary F. Jenkins, Anna Coxe Toogood, “The Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793,” Scientific American, February 1998, 88–93; Jacquelyn C. Miller, “The Wages of Blackness: African American Workers and the Meanings of Race during Philadelphia’s 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 129, no. 2 (April 2005): 163–194, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093783.

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William L. White, Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Lighthouse Institute, 2014), 88.

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Finan, Drunks, 102.

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Leslie E. Keeley, Opium: Its Use, Abuse, and Cure; or, from Bondage to Freedom (Chicago, 1897), 82, https://books.google.com/books?id=LAhq6YjNIq0C.

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Timothy A. Hickman, The Secret Leprosy of Modern Days: Narcotic Addiction and Cultural Crisis in the United States, 1870–1920 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 51–57; White, Slaying the Dragon,