Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

56. Drexler, Engines of Creation, 18–19, 105–8, 247.

57. Drexler, Nanosystems, 343–66.

58. Drexler, Nanosystems, 354–55.

59. Ralph C. Merkle, et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, Vol. 10, no. 6, article 061006, September 17, 2018, arXiv:1801.03534v2 [cs.ET], March 25, 2019, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03534.pdf.

60. «Молекулярно-механический логический элемент» по проекту Меркла состоит из 87 595 атомов углерода и 33 100 атомов водорода. Его объем составляет 27 нм × 32 нм × 7нм, то есть 6048 кубических нанометров. Это означает, что в одном литре поместится примерно 1,65 × 1020 (165 квинтиллионов) логических элементов. При рабочей частоте в 100МГц они смогут выполнять максимум 1028 логических операций в секунду на литр. Заметим, что это теоретический максимум без учета инженерных ограничений. Пока не ясно, насколько близко мы на практике сможем подобраться к этим значениям. См. Merkle et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, arXiv, 24–27; Drexler, Nanosystems, 370–71.

61. По данным Меркла и соавторов, на выполнение одной операции вышеописанный логический элемент будет тратить порядка 10-26 джоулей энергии (на порядок больше, чем 10-27 Дж – таковы будут затраты на одно поворотное соединение). Таким образом, на 1028 операций в секунду у этого гипотетического литрового компьютера уйдет 100 ватт. См. Merkle et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, arXiv, 24–27.

62. Liqun Luo, “Why Is the Human Brain So Efficient?”, Nautilus, April 12, 2018, http://nautil.us/issue/59/connections/why-is-the-human-brain-so-efficient.

63. Ralph C. Merkle, “Design Considerations for an Assembler”, Nanotechnology 7, no. 3 (September 1996): 210–15, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/7/3/008, mirrored in similar version at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nano4/merklePaper.html.

64. Merkle, “Design Considerations for an Assembler”, 210–15; Ralph. C. Merkle, “Self Replicating Systems and Molecular Manufacturing”, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45, no. 12 (December 1992): 407–13, available in adapted version at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRepJBIS.html; Neil Jacobstein, “Foresight Guidelines for Responsible Nanotechnology Development”, Foresight Institute, April 2006, https://foresight.org/guidelines/current.php.

65. Robert A. Freitas Jr., “The Gray Goo Problem”, KurzweilAI.net, March 20, 2001, https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-gray-goo-problem; Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations”, Foresight Institute, April 2000, http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/Ecophagy.htm.

66. James Lewis, “Ultrafast DNA Robotic Arm: A Step Toward a Nanofactory?”, Foresight Institute, January 25, 2018, https://foresight.org/ultrafast-robotic-arm-step-toward-nanofactory; Kohji Tomita et al., “Self-Description for Construction and Execution in Graph Rewriting Automata”, in Advances in Artificial Life: 8th European Conference, ECAL 2005, Canterbury, UK, September 5–9, 2005, Proceedings, ed. Mathieu S. Capcarrere et al. (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2005), 705–14.

67. Подробнее об успешных попытках построить работающие наноразмерные машины и запчасти для них: Eric Drexler, “Big Nanotech: Building a New World with Atomic Precision”, Guardian, October 21, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/science/small-world/2013/oct/21/big-nanotech-atomically-precise-manufacturing-apm; Mark Peplow, “The Tiniest Lego: A Tale of Nanoscale Motors, Rotors, Switches and Pumps”, Nature 525, no. 7567 (September 2, 2015): 18–21, https://doi.org/10.1038/525018a; Carlos Manzano et al., “Step-by-Step Rotation of a Molecule-Gear Mounted on an Atomic-Scale Axis”, Nature Materials 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2009): 576–79, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2467; Babak Kateb and John D. Heiss, The Textbook of Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneurosurgery (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013): 500–501, https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Textbook_of_Nanoneuroscience_and_Nan/rCbOBQAAQBAJ; Torben Jasper-Toennies et al., “Rotation of Ethoxy and Ethyl Moieties on a Molecular Platform on Au(111)”, ACS Nano 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 3907–16, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00029; Kwanoh Kim et al., “Man-Made Rotary Nanomotors: A Review of Recent Development”, Nanoscale 8, no. 20 (May 19, 2016): 10471–90, https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr08768f; The Optical Society, “Nanoscale Machines Convert Light into Work”, Phys.org, October 8, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-10-nanoscale-machines.html.

68. Дебаты Дрекслера и Смолли, мои комментарии к ним, записи двух бесед с Дрекслером и обзор последних исследований, открывающих путь к созданию молекулярных ассемблеров: Richard E. Smalley, “Of Chemistry, Love and Nanobots”, Scientific American, September 2001, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/of-chemistry-love-and-nanobots; Rudy Baum, “Nano technology: Drexler and Smalley Make the Case for and Against ‘Molecular Assemblers’”, Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 48 (September 8, 2003): 37–42, https://web.archive.org/web/20230116122623/http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html; Eric Drexler, “Transforming the Material Basis of Civilization | Eric Drexler | TEDxISTAlameda”, TEDx Talks, YouTube video, November 16, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9RiB_o7Szs; Eric Drexler, “Dr. Eric Drexler – The Path to Atomically Precise Manufacturing”, The Artificial Intelligence Channel, YouTube video, September 18, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAA-HWMaF9o; UT-Battelle, Productive Nanosystems: A Technology Roadmap, Battelle Memorial Institute and Foresight Nanotech Institute, 2007, https://foresight.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Nanotech_Roadmap_2007_main.pdf; James Lewis, “Atomically Precise Manufacturing as the Future of Nanotechnology”, Foresight Institute, March 8, 2015, https://foresight.org/atomically-precise-manu facturing-as-the-future-of-nanotechnology; Xiqiao Wang et al., “Atomic-Scale Control of Tunneling in Donor-Based Devices”, Communications Physics 3, article 82 (May 11, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-020-0343-1; “Paving the Way for Atomically Precise Manufacturing”, UT Dallas, YouTube video, February 9, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=or3jYNZ6fn8; University of Texas at Dallas, “Microscopy Breakthrough Paves the Way for Atomically Precise Manufacturing”, Phys.org, February 12, 2018, https://phys.org/news/2018-02-microscopy-breakthrough-paves-atomically-precise.html; Kiel University, “Towards a Light Driven Molecular Assembler”, Phys.org, July 23, 2019, https://phys.org/news/2019-07-driven-molecular.html; Jonathan Wyrick et al., “Atom-by-Atom Fabrication of Single and Few Dopant Quantum Devices”, Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 52 (August 14, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903475; Farid Tajaddodianfar et al., “On the Effect of Local Barrier Height in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Measurement Methods and Control Implications”, Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 1, article 013701 (January 2, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003851.

69. Ray Kurzweil, “The Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assembly”, KurzweilAI.net, December 1, 2003, https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-drexler-smalley-debate-on-molecular-assembly.

70. Drexler, Nanosystems, 398–410.

71. Drexler, Nanosystems, 238–49, 458–68.

72. Drexler, Engines of Creation; Drexler, Nanosystems; Dexter Johnson, “Diamondoids on Verge of Key Application Breakthroughs”, IEEE Spectrum, March 31, 2017, https://spec trum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/materials/diamondoids-on-verge-of-key-application-breakthroughs.

73. Neal Stephenson, The Diamond Age: Or, a Young Lady’s Illustrated Primer (New York: Bantam, 1995).

74. Matthew A. Gebbie et al., “Experimental Measurement of the Diamond Nucleation Landscape Reveals Classical and Nonclassical Features”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 33 (August 14, 2018): 8284–89, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803654115.

75. Hongyao Xie et al., “Large Thermal Conductivity Drops in the Diamondoid Lattice of CuFeS2 by Discordant Atom Doping”, Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 47 (November 2, 2019): 18900–909, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b10983; Shenggao Liu, Jeremy Dahl, and Robert Carlson, “Heteroatom-Containing Diamondoid Transistors”, U.S. Patent 7,402,835 (filed July 16, 2003; issued July 22, 2008), US Patent and Trademark Office, https://patents.google.com/patent/US7402835B2/en.

76. См., например, Robert A. Freitas Jr., “A Simple Tool for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis, and Its Method of Manufacture”,