Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

Eveleth, “There Are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body”, Smithsonian Magazine, October 24, 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-372-trillion-cells-in-your-body-4941473.

105. Простым языком о том, как работают гормоны и иммунная система: “How the Immune System Actually Works – Immune”, Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, YouTube video, August 10, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXfEK8G8CUI; “How Does Your Immune System Work? – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, January 8, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSRJfaAYkW4; “How Do Your Hormones Work? – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, June 21, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8.

106. Простым языком о том, как работают легкие: “How Do Lungs Work? – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, November 24, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NUxvJS0k.

107. Простым языком о том, как работают почки: “How Do Your Kidneys Work? – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, February 9, 2015, https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=FN3MFhYPWWo.

108. Простым языком о том, как работает пищеварительная система: “How Your Digestive System Works – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, December 14, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI.

109. Простым языком о том, зачем нужна и как работает поджелудочная железа: “What Does the Pancreas Do? – Emma Bryce”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, February 19, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dgoeYPoE-0.

110. George Dvorsky, “FDA Approves World’s First Automated Insulin Pump for Diabetics”, Gizmodo, September 29, 2016, https://gizmodo.com/fda-approves-worlds-first-automated-insulin-pump-for-di-1787227150.

111. Простым языком о том, какую роль играют гормоны в развитии диабета: “Role of Hormones in Diabetes”, Match Health, YouTube video, December 6, 2013, https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=sPwoMm9cv1M; Matthew McPheeters, “What Is Diabetes Mellitus? | Endocrine System Diseases | NCLEX-RN”, Khan Academy Medicine, YouTube video, May 14, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulxyWZf7BWc.

112. Краткий рассказ без сложных терминов о взаимосвязи между сном и гормонами: Hormone Health Network, “Sleep and Circadian Rhythm”, Hormone.org, Endocrine Society, June 2019, https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/sleep-and-circadian-rhythm.

113. Подробнее о рецидиве рака и раковых стволовых клетках: “Why Is It So Hard to Cure Cancer? – Kyuson Yun”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, October 10, 2017, https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=h2rR77VsF5c; “Recurrent Cancer: When Cancer Comes Back”, National Cancer Institute, January 18, 2016, https://www.cancer.gov/types/recurrent-cancer; Kyle Davis, “Investigating Why Cancer Comes Back”, National Human Genome Research Institute, September 8, 2015, https://www.genome.gov/news/news-release/Investigating-why-cancer-comes-back.

114. Zuoren Yu et al., “Cancer Stem Cells”, International Journal of Biochemical Cell Biology 44, no. 12 (December 2012): 2144–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.022.

115. “How Does Chemotherapy Work? – Hyunsoo Joshua No”, TED-Ed, YouTube video, December 5, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgWQCGX3MOk; “Why People with Cancer Are More Likely to Get Infections”, American Cancer Society, March 13, 2020, https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/low-blood-counts/infections/why-people-with-cancer-are-at-risk.html.

116. Nirali Shah and Terry J. Fry, “Mechanisms of Resistance to CAR T Cell Therapy”, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 16 (March 5, 2019): 372–85, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0184-6; Robert Vander Velde et al., “Resistance to Targeted Therapies as a Multifactorial, Gradual Adaptation to Inhibitor Specific Selective Pressures”, Nature Communications 11, article 2393 (May 14, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16212-w.

117. Отличное простое объяснение процесса клеточного деления: Hank Green, “Mitosis: Splitting Up Is Complicated – Crash Course Biology #12”, CrashCourse, YouTube video, April 16, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0k-enzoeOM.

118. Краткое введение в CRISPR, один из самых перспективных подходов к редактированию генома на сегодняшний день: Brad Plumer et al., “A Simple Guide to CRISPR, One of the Biggest Science Stories of the Decade”, Vox, updated December 27, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/7/23/17594864/crispr-cas9-gene-editing.

119. Eveleth, “There Are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body”.

120. Ознакомительное видео об этом процессе: “Regulation of Gene Expression: Operons, Epigenetics, and Transcription Factors”, Professor Dave Explains, YouTube video, October 15, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9jhg90A7Lw.

121. Bert M. Verheijen and Fred W. van Leeuwen, “Commentary: The Landscape of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Cells”, Frontiers in Genetics 8, article 219 (December 14, 2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2017.00219.

122. Patricia Mroczek, “Nanoparticle Chomps Away Plaques That Cause Heart Attacks”, MSUToday, Michigan State University, January 27, 2020, https://msutoday.msu.edu/news /2020/nanoparticle-chomps-away-plaques-that-cause-heart-attacks; Alyssa M. Flores, Nature Nanotechnology 15, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 154–61, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0619-3; Ira Tabas and Andrew H. Lichtman, “Monocyte-Macrophages and T Cells in Atherosclerosis”, Immunity 47, no. 4 (October 17, 2017): 621–34, https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.immuni.2017.09.008.

123. American Stroke Association “Understanding Diagnosis and Treatment of Cryptogenic Stroke: A Health Care Professional Guide”, American Heart Association, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20211023144019/https://www.stroke.org/-/media/stroke-files/cryptogenic-professional-resource-files/crytopgenic-professional-guide-ucm-477051.pdf.

124. Занятное и несложное видео о фолдинге белков: “Protein Structure and Folding”, Amoeba Sisters, YouTube video, September 24, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= hok2hyED9go.

125. Максимальная (чисто теоретически) частота возбуждения биологических нейронов около 1000 Гц, в то время как наноразмерная механическая система Ральфа Меркла предположительно сможет достигать 100 МГц, то есть окажется в 100 000 раз быстрее. Предел прочности на разрыв у коллагеновых волокон находится в районе 90 МПа; многослойные углеродные нанотрубки в экспериментах выдерживали усилие примерно в 63 ГПа, а нанонити из алмазоида – 98 ГПа (при том что теоретический максимум для алмазоида приблизительно 100 ГПа). Все эти числа на три порядка превосходят величину прочности коллагена. См. “Neuron Firing Rates in Humans”, AI Impacts; Ralph C. Merkle et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, 24–27; Yehe Liu, Roberto Ballarini, and Steven J. Eppell, “Tension Tests on Mammalian Collagen Fibrils”, Interface Focus 6, no. 1, article 20150080 (February 6, 2016), https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0080; Min-Feng Yu et al., “Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load”, Science 287, no. 5453 (January 28, 2000): 637–40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.637; Amit Banerjee et al., “Ultralarge Elastic Deformation of Nanoscale Diamond”, Science 360, no. 6386 (April 20, 2018): 300–302, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4165; Drexler, Nanosystems, 24–35, 142–43.

126. Robert A. Freitas, “Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology: A Mechanical Artificial Red Cell”, Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 26, no. 4 (1998): 411–30, https://doi.org /10.3109/10731199809117682.

127. Freitas, “Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology”, 426; Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Respirocytes: A Mechanical Artificial Red Cell: Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology”, Foresight Institute/Institute for Molecular Manufacturing,” April 17, 1996, https://web.archive.org/web/20210509160649/https://foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respi rocytes.php.

128. Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers”; Drachman, “Do We Have Brain to Spare?”; Hervé Lemaître et al., “Normal Age-Related Brain Morphometric Changes: Non-uniformity Across Cortical Thickness, Surface Area and Grey Matter Volume?”, Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 3 (March 2012): 617.e1–617.e9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobio laging.2010.07.013; Merkle et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, 24–27.

129. “Neuron Firing Rates in Humans”, AI Impacts; Merkle et al., “Mechanical Computing Systems Using Only Links and Rotary Joints”, 24–27; Drexler, Nanosystems, 370–71.

130. Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers”; Drachman, “Do We Have Brain to Spare?”; “Firing Behavior and Network Activity of Single Neurons in Human Epileptic Hypothalamic Hamartoma”, Frontiers in Neurology 2, no. 210 (December 27, 2013), https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2013.00210; Ernest L. Abel, Behavioral Teratogenesis and Behavioral Mutagenesis: A Primer in Abnormal Development (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), 113, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gV0rBgAAQBAJ; Anders Sandberg and Nick Bostrom, Whole