Эпоха пропаганды - Эллиот Аронсон

оценить изображение американских меньшинств в книгах по истории, сравните любой официальный учебник с книгами, описывающими историю с неевропейской точки зрения, напр.: Templeton, J. W. (1991). Our roots run deep: The black experience in California, 1500–1900. San Jose, CA: Electron Access. К слову сказать, многие из нас знают: такие места, как Вирджиния и Колледж Уильяма и Мэри, были названы в честь британских монархов, но мы подозреваем, что сравнительно мало американцев осознают, что Калифорния была названа по имени негритянской королевы.

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Freeman, E. (1937). Social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, especially pp. 263–266; Zimbardo, P. G., Ebbesen, E., & Maslach, C. (1977). Influencing attitudes and changing behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

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For related examples, see Freeman (1937), note 2; Luchins, A. S., & Luchins, E. H. (1978). Revisiting Wertheimer’s seminars (Vol. 1). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, p. 277.

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Knupfer, N. N., & Hayes, P. (1994). The effects of the Channel One broadcast on students’ knowledge of current events. In A. De Vaney (Ed.), Watching Channel One (pp. 42–60). Albany: State University of New York Press. For a general discussion of Channel One, see De Vaney, A. (Ed.). (1994). Watching Channel One. Albany: State University of New York Press.

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Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577–585. Это — пример более общей тенденции использовать аттитюды как эвристику в решении проблемы; см.: Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). The attitude heuristic and selective fact identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 257–263; Pratkanis, A. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1989). A socio-cognitive model of attitude structure and function. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 245–295). New York: Academic Press.

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Comstock, G. (1980). Television in America. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

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Fallows, J. (1997). Breaking the news. New York: Vintage.

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См.: Luchins & Luchins (1978), прим. 3.

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Maier, N. R. F. (1952). Principles of human relations. New York: Wiley; Maier, N. R. F. (1963). Problem-solving discussions and conferences. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994). Social identity maintenance prescriptions for preventing groupdiink: Reducing identity protection and enhancing intellectual conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5, 254–270; Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1997). Mitigating groupthink by stimulating constructive conflict. In C. K. W. De Dreu & E. Van de Vliert (Eds.), Using conflict in organizations (pp. 53–71). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1996). Mitigating the negative consequences of groupthink: Further implications of a social identity maintenance model. Unpublished manuscript, San Jose State University.

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Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

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Hale, O. J. (1964). The captive press in the Third Reich. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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Benn, D. W. (1989). Persuasion and Soviet politics. New York: Blackwell; Mickiewicz, E. (1988). Split signals. New York: Oxford University Press; Roxburgh, A. (1987). Pravda: Inside the Soviet news machine. New York: Braziller.

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Steele, R. W. (1985). Propaganda in an open society: The Roosevelt administration and the media, 1933–1941. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

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DeParle, J. (1991, May 6). Keeping the news in step. Are the Pentagon’s Gulf War rules here to stay? New York Times, p. A9.

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Fishman, M. (1980). Manufacturing the news. Austin: University of Texas Press; Fallows, J. (1997). Breaking the news. New York: Vintage; Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what’s news. New York: Vintage; Jamieson, K. H., & Campbell, K. K. (1992). The interplay of influence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Kaniss, P. (1991). Making local news. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Nelkin, D. (1987). Selling science. New York: Freeman; Pratkanis, A. R. (1997). The social psychology of mass communications: An American perspective. In D. F. Halpern & A. Voiskounsky (Eds.), States of mind: American and post-Soviet perspectives on contemporary issues in psychology (pp. 126–159). New York: Oxford University Press; Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news. New York: Free Press.

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Sigal, L. V. (1973). Reporters and officials: The organization and politics of newsmaking. Lexington, MA: Heath.

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Croteau, D., & Hoynes, W. (1994). By invitation only. Monroe, ME: Common Courage.

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Bagdikian, B. H. (1992). The media monopoly. Boston: Beacon. Фигуры монополистов средств массовой коммуникации могут устареть прежде, чем вы о них прочитаете, — объединения происходят с поразительной скоростью. Дополнительную информацию см.: Brill, S. (2000, April). The mega threat. Brill’s Content, pp. 23, 26–27; Rosenwein, R. (2000, January). Why media mergers matter. Brill’s Content, pp. 92–95.

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Mark Levy, quoted in Time, October 1, 1979, p. 83. See also Bogart, L. (1995). Commercial culture. New York: Oxford University Press; Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

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Ernst, S. W. (1972). Baseball or brickbats: A content analysis of community development. Journalism Quarterly, 49, 86–90.

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Koppel, T, & Gibson, K. (1996). Nightline. New York: Random House, p. 230.

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Mann, P., & Iscoe, I. (1971). Mass behavior and community organization: Reflections on a peaceful demonstration. American Psychologist, 26, 108–113. For other examples of how eyewitness reports differ from news accounts, see Dershowitz, A.