Ловушка идентичности - Яша Мунк

на 2020 год, лишь 31 % британцев, 32 % французов и 25 % немцев считают, что рождение в стране крайне или относительно важно для идентификации в качестве члена нации. Greenwood S. Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe // Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, May 5, 2021. URL: www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/05/views-about-national-identity-becoming-more-inclusive-in-us-western-europe/). См. также Stokes B. What It Takes to Truly Be “One of Us” Pew Research Center, February 1, 2017; и Mounk Y. Great Experiment. Chap. 8.

896

McCarthy J. U.S. Approval of Interracial Marriage.

897

См., например, Oberdabernig D., Schneebaum A. Catching Up? The Educational Mobility of Migrants’ and Natives’ Children in Europe // Applied Economics 49, № 37, 2017. P. 3716. URL: doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1267843; Beauchemin C. France: Intergenerational Mobility Outcomes of Natives with Immigrant Parents // Catching Up? Country Studies on Intergenerational Mobility and Children of Immigrants, OECD, May 28, 2018. URL: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/9789264301030-en; Sewell T. Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities: The Report // U.K. Government Commission, March 2021.URL: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/974507/20210331_CRED_Report_FINAL_Web_Accessible.pdf. См. также: Drouhot L. Nee V. Assimilation and the Second Generation in Europe and America: Blending and Segregating Social Dynamics Between Immigrants and Natives // Annual Review of Sociology 45, № 1, 2019. P. 177–199. URL: doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041335

898

Abramitzky R. Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in the United States over Two Centuries // American Economic Review 111, № 2, 2021. P. 580–608. URL: doi:10.1257/aer.20191586.

899

Про американок азиатского происхождения см: Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers: First Quarter 2021 // Bureau of Labor Statistics, table 3, URL: www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/wkyeng.pdf (Дата обращения: 27.09.2021). Для сравнения с более ранними данными см: Asian Women and Men Earned More Than Their White, Black, and Hispanic Counterparts in 2017 // U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. URL: www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/asian-women-and-men-earned-more-than-their-white-black-and-hispanic-counterparts-in-2017.htm (Дата обращения: 27.01.2021). Про американцев нигерийского происхождения см: Joseph B. Why Nigerian Immigrants Are One of the Most Successful Ethnic Group in the U.S. // Medium, July 2, 2018. URL: medium.com/@joecarleton/why-nigerian-immigrants-are-the-most-successful-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s-23a7ea5a0832. Про американцев индийского происхождения см: Indians in US Wealthier with Average Household Earning of $123,700: Report // Economic Times, Aug. 25, 2021. URL: economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/indians-in-us-wealthier-with-average-household-earning-of-123700-report/articleshow/85623601.cms?from=mdr

900

См. Indians in US Wealthier with Average Household Earning of $123,700: Report // Economic Times, Aug. 25, 2021. URL: economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/indians-in-us-wealthier-with-average-household-earning-of-123700-report/articleshow/85623601.cms?from=mdr

901

Joseph B. Why Nigerian Immigrants Are One of the Most Successful Ethnic Group in the U.S. // Medium, July 2, 2018. URL: medium.com/@joecarleton/why-nigerian-immigrants-are-the-most-successful-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s-23a7ea5a0832

902

См. примечание 213 к словам о значительно меньших финансовых ресурсах афроамериканцев в главе 3.

[See “much less wealth” endnote on p. 313.]

903

См., например: Causes and Consequences of Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods // Urban Institute. Дата обращения: 24 марта 2023. URL: www.urban.org/racial-equity-analytics-lab/structural-racism-explainer-collection/causes-and-consequences-separate-and-unequal-neighborhoods.

[See, for example, “Causes and Consequences of Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods,” Urban Institute, accessed Mar. 24, 2023, www.urban.org/racial-equity-analytics-lab/structural-racism-explainer-collection/causes-and-consequences-separate-and-unequal-neighborhoods.]

904

Более подробное изложение этого аргумента см.: Mounk Y. Great Experiment. Глава 8.

[For a more detailed version of this argument, see Mounk, Great Experiment, chap. 8.]

905

55,6% афроамериканцев, или чернокожих, работают на должностях «белых воротничков» – в продажах и офисах, на руководящих, профессиональных и смежных должностях. Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2020 // U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nov. 1, 2021. URL: www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2020/home.htm. Диаграмма 3. По данным переписи, 54% чернокожих живут в пригородах; в 2010 году этот показатель составлял 43%. Black Population Continues to Grow in Suburbs and Shrink in Cities Across the U.S. // Los Angeles Times. March 14, 2022. URL: www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-14/census-black-population-grows-suburbs-shrinks-cities. В период с 1968 по 2016 год почасовая заработная плата чернокожих с поправкой на инфляцию выросла на 30,5%; уровень бедности по федеральному критерию снизился на треть – с 35 до 21%; а благосостояние увеличилось в шесть раз. Schmitt J., Johnson V. African Americans Are Better Off in Many Ways but Are Still Disadvantaged by Racial Inequality // Economic Policy Institute. Feb. 26, 2018. URL: www.epi.org/publication/50-years-after-the-kerner-commission/.

[55.6 percent of African Americans or Black people have white-collar jobs (sales & office and management, professional, and related). (“Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2020,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Nov. 1, 2021, www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2020/home.htm, Chart 3.) Census data shows 54 percent of Black people live in suburbs, up from 43 percent in 2010. (“Black Population Continues to Grow in Suburbs and Shrink in Cities Across the U.S.,” Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2022, www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-14/census-black-population-grows-suburbs-shrinks-cities.) There has been an inflation-adjusted 30.5 percent increase in hourly wages; a one-third decrease in federal poverty rates (from 35 to 21 percent); and a sixfold increase in wealth from 1968 to 2016 for Black people. John Schmitt and Valerie Johnson, “African Americans Are Better Off in Many Ways but Are Still Disadvantaged by Racial Inequality,” Economic Policy Institute, Feb. 26, 2018, www.epi.org/publication/50-years-after-the-kerner-commission/.]

906

Graham C., Pinto S. Unequal Hopes and Lives in the USA: Optimism, Race, Place, and Premature Mortality // Journal of Population Economics. 32 (2019). P. 665–733. URL: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-018-0687-y. Как я утверждал в части III, расово нейтральные меры, такие как всеобщее здравоохранение и увеличение инвестиций в образование, могут помочь странам вроде США развить эти первые успехи, значительно расширив экономические возможности исторически маргинализированных групп и не сталкивая их с другими этническими группами в борьбе за власть и ресурсы по принципу игры с нулевой суммой.

[Carol Graham and Sergio Pinto, “Unequal Hopes and Lives in the USA: Optimism, Race, Place, and Premature Mortality,” Journal of Population Economics 32 (2019): 665–733, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-018-0687-y. As I have argued in part III, race neutral policies like universal health care and higher investments in education can make sure that countries like the United States double down on these first signs of progress, vastly increasing economic opportunities for historically marginalized groups without pitting them against other ethnic groups in a zero-sum fight for power and resources.]

907

Справедливости ради, историки и антропологи всё же обнаружили несколько любопытных обществ, которые, похоже, обладали качествами, которые могли бы нам