Ловушка идентичности - Яша Мунк

the impure—it’s all there,” McWhorter writes in his characteristically sharp prose. “They think of it all as logic incarnate. But so, as he lustily led the Spanish Inquisition, did Torquemada” (McWhorter, Woke Racism, 26). Just as it is futile to argue with people who hold strong religious beliefs, McWhorter concludes, it is a mistake to try convincing advocates of (what I would call) the identity synthesis through the power of argument.]

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Orth T. Which Political Issues Do Americans Change Their Minds on and Why? // YouGovAmerica. Aug. 16, 2022. URL: today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/08/16/how-often-and-why-do-americans-change-their-minds.

[Taylor Orth, “Which Political Issues Do Americans Change Their Minds on and Why?,” YouGovAmerica, Aug. 16, 2022, today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/08/16/how-often-and-why-do-americans-change-their-minds.]

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Lowenthal D., Loewenstein G. Can Voters Predict Changes in Their Own Attitudes? // Political Psychology. 22, № 1 (March 2001). P. 65–87. DOI: 10.1111/0162-895x.00226; Quoidbach J., Gilbert D. T., Wilson T. D. The End of History Illusion // Science. 339, № 6115 (2013). P. 96–98. DOI: 10.1126/science.1229294; Markus G. B. Stability and Change in Political Attitudes: Observed, Recalled, and “Explained” // Political Behavior. 8, № 1 (1986). P. 21–44. DOI: 10.1007/bf00987591.

[Diane Lowenthal and George Loewenstein, “Can Voters Predict Changes in Their Own Attitudes?,” Political Psychology 22, no. 1 (March 2001): 65–87, doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00226; Jordi Quoidbach, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Timothy D. Wilson, “The End of History Illusion,” Science 339, no. 6115 (2013): 96–98, doi.org/10.1126/science.1229294; Gregory B. Markus, “Stability and Change in Political Attitudes: Observed, Recalled, and ‘Explained,’ ” Political Behavior 8, no. 1 (1986): 21–44, doi.org/10.1007/bf00987591.]

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См., например: Geys B., Heggedal T.-R., Sørensen R. J. Age and Vote Choice: Is There a Conservative Shift Among Older Voters? // Electoral Studies. 78 (2022). 102485; Chrisp J., Pearce N. Grey Power: Towards a Political Economy of Older Voters in the UK // Political Quarterly. 90, № 4 (2019). P. 743–756. Следует отметить, что, по некоторым данным, миллениалы в Великобритании и США могут нарушать эту тенденцию: по мере взросления их взгляды становятся более консервативными гораздо медленнее. См., например: Burn-Murdoch J. Millennials Are Shattering the Oldest Rule in Politics // Financial Times. Dec. 30, 2022. URL: www.ft.com/content/c361e372-769e-45cd-a063-f5c0a7767cf4.

[See, for example, Benny Geys, Tom-Reiel Heggedal, and Rune J. Sørensen, “Age and Vote Choice: Is There a Conservative Shift Among Older Voters?,” Electoral Studies 78 (2022): 102485; and Joe Chrisp and Nick Pearce, “Grey Power: Towards a Political Economy of Older Voters in the UK,” Political Quarterly 90, no. 4 (2019): 743–56. Note that there is some evidence that millennials in the United Kingdom and the United States may be breaking the trend by becoming more conservative as they age at a much slower pace. See, for example, John Burn-Murdoch, “Millennials Are Shattering the Oldest Rule in Politics,” Financial Times, Dec. 30, 2022, www.ft.com/content/c361e372-769e-45cd-a063-f5c0a7767cf4.]

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Hawkins S. et al. Defusing the History Wars: Finding Common Ground in Teaching America’s National Story // More in Common. Дата обращения: 24 марта 2023. URL: www.historyperceptiongap.us/.

[Stephen Hawkins et al., “Defusing the History Wars: Finding Common Ground in Teaching America’s National Story,” More in Common, accessed Mar. 24, 2023, www.historyperceptiongap.us/.]

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Hawkins S. et al. Hidden Tribes: A Study of America’s Polarized Landscape // More in Common. 2018. URL: hiddentribes.us/media/qfpekz4g/hidden_tribes_report.pdf.

[Stephen Hawkins et al., “Hidden Tribes: A Study of America’s Polarized Landscape,” More in Common, 2018, hiddentribes.us/media/qfpekz4g/hidden_tribes_report.pdf.]

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Описание прогрессивистских активистов в этом докладе очень близко, хотя, разумеется, не тождественно, тому, что я называю сторонниками идентитарного синтеза. Согласно докладу, прогрессивистские активисты «скептически относятся к традиционным авторитетам и нормам. Они считают, что эти ценности установлены доминирующими социальными группами, такими как гетеросексуальные белые мужчины, ради собственной выгоды. Прогрессивистские активисты стремятся преодолеть историческую маргинализацию групп по признакам расы, гендера, сексуальности, благосостояния и других форм привилегий». Hawkins S. et al. Hidden Tribes. P. 10.

[The description of progressive activists in the report is very similar, though of course not identical, to what I would call advocates of the identity synthesis. Progressive activists, it says, “are skeptical of traditional authority and norms. They see those values as being established by socially dominant groups such as straight white men, for their own benefit. Progressive Activists seek to correct the historical marginalization of groups based on their race, gender, sexuality, wealth and other forms of privilege.” Hawkins et al., “Hidden Tribes,” 10.]

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По сравнению со средним американцем прогрессивистские активисты «на 11% чаще оказывались белыми» и «вдвое чаще имели законченное высшее образование» (Hawkins S. et al. Hidden Tribes. P. 30). Между тем другие опросы показали, что устойчивое большинство американцев из всех демографических групп выступает против расово чуткой публичной политики или опасается, что контроль за языком зашел слишком далеко. Борьбу вокруг ловушки идентичности, возможно, правильнее понимать не как противостояние белых и так называемых людей небелого цвета кожи, а как культурную гражданскую войну между разными фракциями преимущественно белой американской элиты. См.: Gómez V. U.S. Public Continues to View Grades, Test Scores as Top Factors in College Admissions // Pew Research Center. April 26, 2022. URL: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/04/26/u-s-public-continues-to-view-grades-test-scores-as-top-factors-in-college-admissions/; Jaschik S. Poll Finds the Public Doesn’t Favor Affirmative Action // Inside Higher Ed. May 2, 2022. URL: www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2022/05/02/poll-finds-public-doesnt-favor-affirmative-action; Mounk Y. Americans Strongly Dislike PC Culture // Atlantic. Oct. 10, 2018. URL: www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/large-majorities-dislike-political-correctness/572581/.

[Compared with the average American, progressive activists were “eleven percent more likely to be white” and “twice as likely to have completed college” (Hawkins et al., “Hidden Tribes,” 30). Meanwhile, other polls have shown robust majorities of Americans from all demographic groups opposing race-sensitive public policies or worrying that the policing of language has gone too far. Far from pitting whites against so-called people of color, the fight over the identity trap may be better understood as a cultural civil war between different factions of America’s predominantly white elite. See Vianney Gómez, “U.S. Public Continues to View Grades, Test Scores as Top Factors in College Admissions,” Pew Research Center, April 26, 2022, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/04/26/u-s-public-continues-to-view-grades-test-scores-as-top-factors-in-college-admissions/; Scott Jaschik, “Poll Finds