Мусульманское открытие Европы - Бернард Льюис

209

Naima, 1: 40ff.

210

Ibid., 1: 12.

211

Silihdar, Nusretname, fols. 257–58. I owe this reference to Dr. C. J. Heywood.

212

Şem’danizade, 3: 21–22.

213

Ibid., 1: 42–43.

214

Icmal-i ahval-i Avrupa. Süleymaniye Library, Esat Efendi Kismi, no. 2062. See V. L. Ménage, «Three Ottoman Treatises….» pp. 425ff.

215

V. L. Ménage, «Three Ottoman Treatises….» p. 428.

216

For details, see B. Lewis, Islam in History, p. 314 n. 26.

217

F. Kraelitz, «Bericht über den Zug …,» p. 17.

218

Thus, the Tatar may be rhymed as

abā-raftâr aduw-shikâr, «moving like the east wind, hunting the enemy,» or simply as bad-raftâr, «of bad demeanour.»

219

E. Prokosch, Molla und Diplomat (Graz, 1972), p. 19, translated from an unpublished Turkish manuscript.

220

Irşad. See above chapt. 3, n. 15.

221

R. Kreutel, Kara Mustafa vor Wien (Graz, 1955), pp. 140–41, translated from an unpublished Turkish manuscript.

222

Evliya, 6:224–25; cf. Kreutel, p. 39.

223

A. Hess, «The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth Century Spain,» American Historical Review 74 (1968): 19, citing Feridun, Münşa ’at al-salatin, 2nd ed., (Istanbul, 1275 A. H.), 2: 542; Feridun, Münşa’āt, 1st ed. (Istanbul, 1265), 2: 458. On Moriscos, see also above p. 180.

224

S. Skilliter, William Harborne and the Trade with Turkey 1578–1582: A Documentary Study of the First Anglo-Ottoman Relations (Oxford, 1977), p. 37, citing Feridun, Münşa’at, 2nd ed., 2: 543; Feridun, Münşa’āt, 1st ed., 2: 450.

225

Yāqūt, s.v. «Rūmiya.»

226

N. V. Khanikov reads this as a reference to the anti-Pope, Cardinal Peter, who had adopted the style of Anacletus II; see Khanikov in Journal Asiatique 4 (1864): 152 and text p. 161 of commentary.

227

Ibn Wā

il, 4: 249.

228

Qalqashand

, 8: 42ff. The odd title «protector of bridges» may be an echo of Pontifex Maximus.

229

Irşād, see above, chap. 3, n. 15.

230

Ghassān

, pp. 52ff, 67ff; cf. Sauvaire, pp. 152ff, 162ff. The editor of the Arabic text omits some of the anti-Christian comments.

231

Ibn Wā

il, 4: 248–49.

232

Ghazzāl, p. 24; cf. H. Pérès, L’Espagne revue par les voyageurs Musulmans de 1610 à 1930 (Paris, 1937), pp. 29–30.

233

Azmi, p. 16.

234

F. Kraelitz, «Bericht …,» pp. 26ff.

235

Resmi, Sefaretname-i Ahmet Resmi Prusya Kiral

Büyük Fredrik nezdine sefaretle giden Giridi Ahmet Resmi Efindi’nin takriridir (Istanbul, 1303 A. H.), p. 18.

236

Miknās

, al-Iks r fi fikāk al-as r, ed. M. al-Fās (Rabat, 1965), passim.

237

Cevdet, 6: 394ff.

238

Turkish text in E. Z. Karal, Fransa-Misir ve Osmanli Imparatorlugu (1797–1802) (Istanbul, 1938), p. 108; Arabic in Shihāb, Ta’r

kh A mad Bāshā al-Jazzār, ed. A. Chibli and J. A. Khalife (Beirut, 1955), p. 125.

239

B. Lewis, Islam: from the Prophet Mu

ammad to the Capture of Constantinople (New York, 1974), 2:154, citing Jā i (attrib.), Al-Taba ur bi’l-tijāra, ed. H. H. ’Abd al-Wahhāb (Cairo, 1354/1935).

240

Qazv

n , p. 388; cf. Jacob, pp. 25–26; cf. Miquel, pp. 1058–59.

241

Ibn Sa

d, p. 134.

242

Rash

d al-D n, Histoire, pp. 4–5/17–18; Frankengeschichte, pp. 48–49.

243

Ibn

awqal, Kitāb ūrat al-ar , ed. J. H. Kraemer (Leiden, 1938), p. 110; cf. French translation, J. H. Kramers and G. Wiet, Configuration de la terre (Beirut and Paris, 1964), p. 109; cf. C. Verlinden, L’Esclavage dans l’Europe médiévale, I, Péninsule Ibérique — France (Bruges, 1955), p. 217; on the aqāliba, see R. Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne, 2nd ed., revised by E. Lévi-Provençal (Leiden, 1932), 2: 154, citing Liudprand, Antapodosis, bk. 6, chap. 6.

244

On the Slavs under the Fatimids, see I. Hrbek, «Die Slaven im Dienste der Fatimiden,» Archiv Orientalni 21 (1953): 543–81.

245

W. Heyd, Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age, trans. F. Raynaud (Amsterdam, 1967) 1: 95; I. Hrbek, «Die Slaven …,» p. 548.

246

On the Tatars and their activities, see A. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, 1978); idem, «Muscovy and the