Мусульманское открытие Европы - Бернард Льюис

the Royal Asiatic Society (1965): 112–32.

139

S. Skilliter, «The Sultan’s Messenger, Gabriel Defrens: An Ottoman Master-Spy of the Sixteenth Century,» Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, ed. A. Tietze, vol. 68 (Vienna, 1976), pp. 47–59.

140

mar , ed. M. Amari, «Al- mar , Condizioni degli stati Cristiani dell’ Occidente secondo una relazione di Domenichino Doria da Genova», Atti R. Acad. Linc. Mem., 11 (1883): text p. 15, trans. p. 87. Hereafter cited as mar (Amari).

141

Mehmed Efendi, p. 25; French transl., pp. 34–35.

142

Vasif, in Cevdet, 4: 349.

143

Azmi, p. 12.

144

«Скомпрометированный» — это тот, кто соприкасался с людьми или вещами, способными, как полагают, переносить заразу. Как правило, под этим страшным запретом постоянно находится вся Османская империя. «Жёлтый флаг» — знамя Карантинного управления. [А. У. К.]

145

A. W. Kinglake, Eothen (London, n.d.), pp. 9–11.

146

I

i ām al-D n, see C. A. Storey, Persian Literature, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 1142. Cf. English transl., J. E. Alexander, Mirza Itesa Modeen (London, 1827).

147

Mas

r-i ālib ya Sefarnāma-i M rzā Abū ālib Khān, ed. H. Khad v-Jam (Tehran, 1974); cf. English trans., C. Stewart, Travels of Mirza Abu Talib Khan … (London, 1814). Also see Storey, Persian Literature, 1, pt. 2, pp. 878–79.

148

Seyyid Ali’s report was published by Ahmed Refik in Tarih-i Osmani Encümeni Mecmuasi, 4 (1329/1911): 1246ff, 1332ff, 1378ff, 1458ff, 1548ff. See further M. Herbette, Une ambassade Turque sous le Directoire, Paris, 1902.

149

On Ali Aziz, see A. Tietze, ″

z z Efendis Muhayyelat″, Oriens 1 (1948): 248–329; E. Kuran, «Osmanli daimi elçisi Ali Aziz Efendi’nin Alman Şarkiyatçisi Friedrich von Diez ile Berlin’de ilmi ve felsefi muhaberati (1797)» Belleten 27 (1963): 45–58; and EI2., s.v. ″ l z z″ (A. Tietze).

150

On these embassies, see T. Naff «Reform and the conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789–1807,» Journal of the American Oriental Society 83 (1963): 295–315; E. Kuran, Avrupa’da Osmanl

Ikamet Elçiliklerinin Kuruluş ve Ilk Elçilerin Siyasi Faaliyetleri 1793–1821 (Ankara, 1968); S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New pp. 180ff.

151

On Mehmed Raif see S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New, index.

152

On the Egyptian student missions, see J. Heyworth-Dunne, An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt (London, 1938), pp. 104ff, 221ff, and passim.

There is an extensive literature on Sheikh Rifā

in Arabic and in Western languages. See EI1., s.v. ‘Rifā Bey’ (Chemoul); further, J. Heyworth-Dunne, «Rifā h Badaw Rāfi a - ahtāw : The Egyptian Revivalist», BSOAS 9 (1937–39): 961–67, 10 (1940–42): 399–415. The fullest treatment is that of Gilbert Delanoue, Moralistes et politiques musulmans dans l’Egypte du XIXème siècle (1798–1882) (Service de reproduction des theses, Lille, 1980), 1, chap. 5. Sheikh Rifā ’s travels in France, entitled Takhl al-ibr z f talkh Bar z (usually known as al-Rihla) has been printed a number of times. References are to the (Cairo, 1958) edition.

153

Published in I. Ra

n, Safarname-i M rzā āli Sh rāz , (Tehran, 1347s). See further Storey, Persian Literature, I, pt 2, pp. 1148–50, and Hafez Farman Farmayan, «The Forces of modernization in nineteenth century Iran: a historical survey,» in W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers (editors), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East (Chicago 1968), pp. 122ff.

154

Irşad. See above chapter 3, n. 15.

155

See C. A. Nallino, «al-Khuwarizmi e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolomeo» in Raccolta di Scritti, vol. 5 (Rome, 1944), pp. 458–532; D. M. Dunlop, «Mu

ammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizm ,» Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1943): 248–50; and R. Wieber, Nordwesteuropa nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der Ptolemäischen Geographie von Mu ammad b. Mūsā al- wārizm (Walldorf-Hessen, 1974).

156

The Muslim geographical literature of the Middle Ages is examined in two major works,