Мусульманское открытие Европы - Бернард Льюис

alt="" src="images/i_083.jpg"/> n, Histoire universelle …, I, Histoire des Franks, ed. and trans. K. Jahn (Leiden, 1951), text p. 11; cf. French transl., p. 24; cf. German transl., K. Jahn, Die Frankengeschichte des Raš d ad-D n (Vienna, 1977), p. 54.

51

G. S. Colin, «Un petit glossaire hispanique arabo-allemand de début du XVIe siècle,» al-Andalus 11 (1946): 275–81.

52

On the translation movement and its accomplishments, see F. Rosenthal, The Classical Heritage in Islam (London, 1975).

53

On the Orosius version, see G. Levi Della Vida, «La traduzione araba delle storie di Orosio,» al-Andalus 19 (1954): 257–93.

54

Aw

ad , ed. M. Hamidullah, «Embassy of Queen Bertha to Caliph al-Muktafi billah in Baghdad 293/906,» Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 1 (1953): 272–300. See further, G. Levi Della Vida, «La corrispondenza di Berta di Toscano col Califfo Muktafi,» Rivista Storica Italiana 66 (1954): 21–38; C. Inostrancev, «Notes sur les rapports de Rome et du califat abbaside au commencement du Xe siècle,» Rivista degli Studi Orientali 6 (1911–1912): 81–86.

55

Ibn al-Nad

m, Kitāb al-Fihrist, ed. G. Flügel (Leipzig, 1871), 1:15–16; cf. English transl., B. Dodge (New York, 1970), 1: 28–31.

56

Both volumes of Osman Ağa’s memoirs were first published in German translation: see R. F. Kreutel and O. Spies, Leben und Abenteuer des Dolmetschers

sman Ağa (Bonn, 1954), and R. F. Kreutel, Zwischen Paschas und Generalen (Graz, 1966). The Turkish text of one volume has been edited by R. F. Kreutel, Die Autobiographie des Dolmetschers sman Ağa aus Temeschwar (Cambridge, 1980).

57

Ö. L. Barkan, XV ve XVlinci asirlarda Osmanli Imparatorluğunda zirai ekonominin hukuki ve mali esaslar

, vol. 1, Kanunlar (Istanbul, 1943), p. 213.

58

See J. Wansbrough, «A Mamluk Ambassador to Venice in 913/1507,» Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 26, pt. 3 (1963): 503–30.

59

F. Babinger, «Der Pfortendolmetscher Murad und seine Schriften,» in Literaturdenkmäler aus Ungarns Türkenzeit, ed. F. Babinger et al. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927) pp. 33–54.

60

Evliya, Seyahatname (Istanbul, 1314 A. H.), 7: 322; cf. German translation, R. F. Kreutel, Im Reiche des Goldenen Apfels (Graz, 1957), p. 199.

61

Evliya, 7: 323; cf. Kreutel, p. 200.

62

Evliya, 3: 120–21.

63

Mu

ammad b. bd al-Wahhāb, al-Waz r al-Ghassān , Ri lat al-waz r iftikāk al-as r, ed. Alfredo Bustān (Tangier, 1940), p. 96; cf. French transl. by H. Sauvaire, Voyage en Espagne d’un Ambassadeur Marocain (Paris, 1884), pp. 225–26.

64

Kâtib Çelebi, Irşad al-hayara ila tarih al-Yunan wa’l-Rum wa’l-Nasara, manuscript in Türk Tarih Kurumu Library, no. 19 (no pagination). Kâtib Çelebi is also known as Hajji Khalifa, in Turkish orthography Haci Halife. The ms. is briefly described by V. L. Ménage in «Three Ottoman Treatises on Europe,» Iran and Islam, ed. C. E. Bosworth (Edinburgh, 1971), pp. 421–23.

65

Arnold of Lübeck, Chronicon Slavorum, ed. W. Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen (Stuttgart-Berlin, 1907) bk. vii, chap. 8.

66

A. Bombaci, «Nuovi firmani greci di Maometto II,» Byzantinische Zeitschrift 47 (1954): 238–319; idem, «Il ‘Liber Graecus,’ un cartolario veneziano comprendente inediti documenti Ottomani in Greco (1481–1504),» Westöstliche Abhandlungen, ed. F. Meier, (Wiesbaden, 1954), pp. 288–303. See further Christos G. Patrinelis, «Mehmed II the Conqueror and his presumed knowledge of Greek and Latin,» Viator, 2 (1971): 349–54.

67

See H. and R. Kahane and A. Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant (Urbana, 1958).

68

L. Bonelli, «Elementi italiani nel turco ed elementi turchi nell italiano,» L ’Oriente 1 (1894): 178–96.

69

Şem’danizade, Şem’dani-zade Findiklili Süleyman Efendi tarihi mür’ittevarih, ed. M. M. Aktepe (Istanbul, 1978), p. 107. See preface to Relation de l’ambassade de Méhmet Effendi à la cour de France en 1721 écrite par lui même et traduite du turc par Julién Galland (Constantinople and Paris, 1757).

70

Cited in C. Issawi, «The Struggle for Linguistic Hegemony,» The American Scholar (summer, 1981), pp. 382–87.

71

Seid Mustafa, Diatribe de l’ingénieur sur l’état actuel de l’art militaire, du génie et des sciences à Constantinople (Scutari, 1803; reprinted by L. Langlès, Paris, 1810), pp. 16–17. According to Langlès, Seid Mustafa was a graduate and later a teacher of engineering. Hammer-Purg-stall, however, says that «Seid Mustafa» was a fiction and that the tract was written at the request of the Reis Efendi by the Greek dragoman Yakovaki Argyropoulo. On Y. Argyropoulo, a key figure in the early translation movement, see «Jacques Argyropoulos,» Magasin Pittoresque (1865), pp. 127–28.

72

Şanizade, Tairh (Istanbul, 1290–1291 A. H.), 4: 33–35; cf. Cevdet, 11: 43 and [J. E. de Kay] Sketches of Turkey in 1831 and 1832 (New York, 1833).

73

B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp. 88–89.

74

S. Ünver, Tanzimat, 1, Turkish Ministry of Education (Istanbul, 1940), pp. 940–41.

75

For contrasting views on the significance of the Hellenistic element in Islamic civilization