Мусульманское открытие Европы - Бернард Льюис

and of the resulting affinities with Christendom, see C. H. Becker, Islamstudien, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1924), especially chapters 1, 2, 3, and 14; and also Jörg Kraemer, Das Problem der Islamischen Kulturgeschichte (Tübingen, 1959).

76

Ibn al-Faq

h, cited in Yāqūt, Mu am al-buldān, s.v. «Rūmiya.»

77

Part of his account is preserved and quoted in Ibn Rusteh, Kitāb al-A

āq al-na sa, ed. M. J. De Goeje (Leiden, 1892), pp. 119–130. See further, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. ‘Hārūn b. Ya yā’ (M. Izzedin). The Encyclopedia of Islam will hereafter be cited as EI1. or EI2.

78

The Kadi’s memoirs were published by I. Parmaksizoğlu, «Bir Türk kadisinin esaret hatiralari,» Tarih Dergisi 5 (1953): 77–84.

79

On Osman Ağa, see above Chap. 3, n. 7. On other prisoners, see O. Spies, «Schicksale Türkischer Kriegsgefangener in Deutschland nach den Türkenkrieg,» Festschrift Werner Caskel, ed. E. Graf (Leiden, 1968), pp. 316–35.

80

Usāma, Kitāb al-l

ibār, ed. P. K. Hitti (Princeton, 1930), p. 132; cf. English transl., P. K. Hitti, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades (New York, 1929), p. 161.

81

On this story, see V. Barthold, «Karl Veliki i Harun ar-Rashid,» Sočineniya 6 (Moscow, 1966): 342–64; Arabic transl. in V. V. Barthold, Dirāsāt

ta’r kh Fila t n fi’l- ūr al-wus ā, trans. A. Haddād (Baghdad, 1973): 53–103. Also see S. Runciman, «Charlemagne and Palestine,» English Historical Review 50 (1935): 606–19.

82

See above, chap. 3, n. 5.

83

Arabic text, R. Dozy, ed., Recherches sur l’histoire et la litterature de l’Espagne pendant le moyen âge, 3rd ed. (Paris-Leiden, 1881), 2: 81–88; reprinted by A. Seippel, Rerum Normannicarum Fontes Arabici (Oslo, 1946), pp. 13–20. Cf. German translation, G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte von Gesandten an germanische Fürstenhöfe aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (Berlin-Leipzig, 1927), pp. 38–39; French transl. in R. Dozy, Recherches, 3rd ed., 2: 269–78. For discussions, see W. E. D. Allen, The Poet and the Spae-Wife (Dublin, 1960), and E. Lévi-Provençal, «Un échange d’ambassades entre Cordoue et Byzance au IXe siècle,» Byzantion 12 (1937): 1–24, who dismisses the story as a literary fabrication based on a genuine embassy to Constantinople. See further, EI2., s.v. «Ghazāl» (A. Huici Miranda). Also see A. A. el-Hajji, «The Andalusian Diplomatic Relations with the Vikings during the Umayyad Period,» Hesperis Tamuda, 8 (1967): 67–110.

84

The surviving fragments of Ibrāh

m ibn Ya ūb’s travels have formed the subject of an extensive literature. Both texts, the dhr version as preserved by Qazv n and the Bakr passages are available in print: Qazv n , in the editio princeps by F. Wüstenfeld, Zakarija ben Muhammed ben Mahmud al-Cazwini’s Kosmographie, II, Kitāb Athār al-bilād. Die Denkmäler der Länder (Göttingen, 1848); the Bakr excerpt was first edited by A. Kunik and V. Rosen, Izvestiya al-Bekri i drugikh’ autorov’o Rusi i Slavyanakh (St. Petersburg, 1878–1903), reprinted with a critical commentary by T. Kowalski, Relatio Ibrāh m Ibn Ja ūb de itinere slavico, in Monumenta Poloniae Historica 1 (Cracow, 1946): 139ff., and now conveniently accessible in an edition of Bakr ’s book by A. A. el-Hajj , ed., Jughrā ya al-Andalus wa-Urũba (Beirut, 1968). Translations include G. Jacob in Arabische Berichte …, pp. 11–33; and most recently, A. Miquel, «L’Europe occidentale dans la relation arabe de Ibrāh m b. Ya ūb,» Annales ESC 21 (1966): 1048–1064. Other studies include, B. Spuler, «Ibrāh m ibn Ja ūb Orientalistische Bemerkungen,» Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 3 (1938): 1–10; E. Ashtor, The Jews of Moslem Spain, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1973), pp. 344–49; A. A. el-Hajji, «Ibrāh m ibn Ya ūb at-Tartūsh and his diplomatic activity,» The Islamic Quarterly 14 (1970): 22–40. See further EI2., s.v. «Ibrāh m b. Ya ūb,» (A. Miquel).

85

G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte, p. 31, n. 1: «Es ist charakteristisch, dass der arabische Diplomat den Kaiser als Gewährsmann nicht nennt, wahrend der jüdische Handelsmann sich mit dieser Beziehung brüstet.»

86

Mentioned in the biography of John of Gorze, see R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953), p. 36ff.

87

Ibn Wā

il, Mufarrij al-kurūb akhbār ban Ayyūb, ed. H. M. Rabie (Cairo, 1979), 4: 248.

88

Ibn Khaldūn, Al-Ta

f bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-ri latuh gharban wa-sharqan, ed. Mu