Машина творения: Новые организмы, редактирование генома и лабораторные гамбургеры - Эми Уэбб

American Diabetes Association, www.diabetes.org/resources/statistics/statistics-about-diabetes.

16

«Eli Lilly Dies at 91,» The New York Times, January 25, 1977, www.nytimes.com/1977/01/25/archives/eli-lilly-dies-at-91-philanthropist-and-exhead-of-drug-company.html.

17

«Cloning Insulin,» Genentech, April 7, 2016, www.gene.com/stories/cloning-insulin.

18

«Our Founders,» Genentech, www.gene.com/about-us/leadership/our-founders.

19

Victor K. McElheny, «Technology: Making Human Hormones with Bacteria,»The New York Times, December 7, 1977, http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/12/07/96407192.html.

20

Victor K. McElheny, «Coast Concern Plans Bacteria Use for Brain Hormone and Insulin,» The New York Times, December 2, 1977, www.nytimes.com/1977/12/02/archives/coast-concern-plans-bacteria-use-for-brain-hormone-and-insulin.html.

21

«Kleiner-Perkins and Genentech: When Venture Capital Met Science,» https://store.hbr.org/product/kleiner-perkins-and-genentech-when-venture-capital-met-science/813102.

22

«Value of 1976 US Dollars Today–Inflation Calculator,» https://www.inflationtool.com/us-dollar/1976-to-present-value?amount=1000000.

23

K. Itakura, T. Hirose, R. Crea, A. D. Riggs, H. L. Heyneker, F. Bolivar, and H. W. Boyer, "Expression in Escherichia coli of a Chemically Synthesized Gene for the Hormone Somatostatin," Science 198, no. 4321 (December 9, 1977): 1056–63, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.412251.

24

«Genentech,» Kleiner Perkins, www.kleinerperkins.com/case-study/genentech.

25

Genentech. «Cloning Insulin.» Genentech: Breakthrough science. One moment, one day, one person at a time. https://www.gene.com/stories/cloning-insulin.

26

Там же.

27

Suzanne White Junod, «Celebrating a Milestone: FDA's Approval of First Genetically-Engineered Product,» https://www.fda.gov/media/110447/download.

28

«An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body,» Annals of Human Biology, https://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03014460.2013.807878.

29

Christopher T. Walsh, Robert V. O'Brien, and Chaitan Khosla, «Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid Building Blocks for Nonribosomal Peptide and Hybrid Polyketide Scaffolds,» Angewandte Chemie 52, no. 28 (July 8, 2013): 7098–124, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201208344.

30

Kavya Balaraman, «Fish Turn on Genes to Adapt to Climate Change,» Scientific American, October 27, 2016, www.scientificamerican.com/article/fish-turn-on-genes-to-adapt-to-climate-change.

31

Ewen Callaway, «DeepMind's AI Predicts Structures for a Vast Trove of Proteins,» Nature News, July 22, 2021, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02025-4.

32

AlphaFold team, «A Solution to a 50-Year-Old Grand Challenge in Biology,» DeepMind, November 30, 2020, https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphafold-a-solution-to-a-50-year-old-grand-challenge-in-biology.

33

«Why Diabetes Patients Are Getting Insulin from Facebook,» Science Friday, December 13, 2019.

34

«Diabetic Buy Sell Trade Community».

35

Michael Fralick and Aaron S. Kesselheim, «The U.S. Insulin Crisis–Rationing a Lifesaving Medication Discovered in the 1920s,» The New England Journal of Medicine 381, no. 19 (November 7, 2019): 1793–95, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1909402.

36

«'The Absurdly High Cost of Insulin'–as High as $350 a Bottle, Often 2 Bottles per Month Needed by Diabetics,» National AIDS Treatment AdvocacyProject, www.natap.org/2019/HIV/052819_02.htm.

37

«Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group: Conclusions and Recommendations | Diabetes Care,» accessed May 31, 2021, https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/6/1299.

38

William T. Cefalu, Daniel E. Dawes, Gina Gavlak, Dana Goldman, William H. Herman, Karen Van Nuys, Alvin C. Powers, Simeon I. Taylor, and Alan L. Yatvin, on behalf of the Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group, «Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group: Conclusions and Recommendations,» Diabetes Care 41, no. 6 (2018): 1299–1311, https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/6/1299.

39

Briana Bierschbach, «What You Need to Know About the Insulin Debate at the Capitol,» MPR News, August 16, 2019, www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/16/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-insulin-debate-at-the-capitol.

40

Michael Fralick and Aaron S. Kesselheim, «The U.S. Insulin Crisis–Rationing a Lifesaving Medication Discovered in the 1920s,» The New England Journal of Medicine 381, no. 19 (November 7, 2019): 1793–95, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1909402.

41

Daniel G. Gibson, John I. Glass, Carole Lartigue, Vladimir N. Noskov, Ray-Yuan Chuang, Mikkel A. Algire, Gwynedd A. Benders, et al., «Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome,» Science 329, no. 5987 (July 2, 2010): 52–56, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190719.

42

«No More Needles! Using Microbiome and Synthetic Biology Advances to Better Treat Type 1 Diabetes,» J. Craig Venter Institute, March 25, 2019, www.jcvi.org/blog/no-more-needles-using-microbiome-and-synthetic-biology-advances-better-treat-type-1-diabetes.

43

Carl Zimmer, «Copyright Law Meets Synthetic Life Meets James Joyce,» National Geographic, March 15, 2011, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/copyright-law-meets-synthetic-life-meets-james-joyce.

44

«A Brief History of the Department of Energy,» US Department of Energy, www.energy.gov/lm/doe-history/brief-history-department-energy.

45

Robert Cook-Deegan, «The Alta Summit, December 1984,» Genomics 5 (October 1989): 661–63, archived at Human Genome Project Information Archive, 1990–2003, https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/alta.shtml.

46

Там же.

47

«Oral History Collection,» National Human Genome Research Institute, www.genome.gov/leadership-initiatives/History-of-Genomics-Program/oral-history-collection.

48

«About the Human Genome Project,» Human Genome Project Information Archive, 1990–2003, https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/index.shtml.

49

Institute of Medicine, Committee to Study Decision, Division of Health and Sciences Policy, Biomedical Politics, ed. Kathi Hanna (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1991).

50

«Human Genome Project Timeline of Events,» National Human Genome Research Institute, www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Timeline-of-Events.

51

Там же.

52

«Mills HS Presents Craig Venter, Ph.D.» Millbrae Community Television, 2017, https://mctv.tv/events/mills-hs-presents-craig-venter-ph-d.

53

Stephen Armstrong, «How Superstar Geneticist Craig Venter Stays Ahead in Science,» Wired UK, June 9, 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/craig-venter-synthetic-biology-success-tips.

54

Jason Schmidt, «The Genome Warrior,» The New Yorker, June 4, 2000, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/06/12/the-genome-warrior-2.

55

«Genetics and Genomics Timeline: 1991,» Genome News Network, www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1991_Venter.php.

56

См. прим. 11.

57

В то время не было единого мнения относительно того, сколько генов содержит геном человека. Вплоть до 2000 г. в спорах между учеными звучало усредненное число 62 500.

58

Douglas Birch, «Race for the Genome,» Baltimore Sun, May 18, 1999.

59

John Crace, «Double Helix Trouble,» The Guardian, October 16, 2007, www.theguardian.com/education/2007/oct/16/highereducation.research.

60

«Human Genome Project Budget,» Human Genome Project Information Archive, 1990–2003, https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/budget.shtml.

61

«CPI Calculator by Country,» Inflation Tool, www.inflationtool.com.

62

«Rosalind Franklin: A Crucial Contribution,» reprinted from Ilona Miko and Lorrie LeJeune, eds., Essentials of Genetics (Cambridge, MA: NPG Education, 2009), Unit 1.3, Nature Education, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rosalind-franklin-a-crucial-contribution-6538012.

63

James D. Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981).

64

Julia Belluz, «DNA Scientist James Watson Has a Remarkably Long History of Sexist, Racist Public Comments,» Vox, January 15, 2019, www.vox.com/2019/1/15/18182530/james-watson-racist.

65

Tom Abate, «Nobel Winner's Theories Raise Uproar in Berkeley: Geneticist's Views Strike Many as Racist, Sexist,» SF Gate, November 13, 2000, www.sfgate.com/science/article/Nobel-Winner-s-Theories-Raise-Uproar-in-Berkeley-3236584.php.

66

Brandon