Машина творения: Новые организмы, редактирование генома и лабораторные гамбургеры - Эми Уэбб

Keim, «James Watson Suspended from Lab, but Not for Being a Sexist Hater of Fat People,» Wired, October 2007, www.wired.com/2007/10/james-watson-su.

67

«James Watson: Scientist Loses Titles After Claims over Race,» BBC News, January 13, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46856779.

68

John H. Richardson, «James Watson: What I've Learned,» Esquire, October 19, 2007, www.esquire.com/features/what-ive-learned/ESQ0107jameswatson.

69

См. прим. 21.

70

Clive Cookson, «Gene Genies,» Financial Times, October 19, 2007.

71

J. Craig Venter, A Life Decoded: My Genome, My Life (New York: Viking, 2007).

72

L. Roberts, «Why Watson Quit as Project Head,» Science 256, no. 5055 (April 17, 1992): 301–2, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5055.301.

73

«Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Commander in Gulf War, Dies at 78,» Reuters, December 28, 2012, www.reuters.com/news/picture/norman-schwarzkopf-us-commander-in-gulf-idUSBRE8BR01920121228.

74

Anjuli Sastry and Karen Grigsby Bates, «When LA Erupted in Anger: A Look Back at the Rodney King Riots,» National Public Radio, April 26, 2017, www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots.

75

См. прим. 11.

76

Leslie Roberts, «Scientists Voice Their Opposition,» Science 256, no. 5061 (May 29, 1992): 1273ff, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12358701/HRCA?sid=googleScholar&xid=72ac1090.

77

См. прим. 11.

78

Robert Sanders, «Decoding the Lowly Fruit Fly,» Berkeleyan, February 3, 1999, www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1999/0203/fly.html.

79

Nicholas J. Loman and Mark J. Pallen, «Twenty Years of Bacterial Genome Sequencing,» Nature Reviews Microbiology 13, no. 12 (December 2015): 787–94, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3565.

80

«Genetics and Genomics Timeline: 1995,» Genome News Network, www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1995_Haemophilus.php.

81

Kate Reddington, Stefan Schwenk, Nina Tuite, Gareth Platt, Danesh Davar, Helena Coughlan, Yoann Personne, et al., "Comparison of Established Diagnostic Methodologies and a Novel Bacterial SmpB Real-Time PCR Assay for Specific Detection of Haemophilus influenzae Isolates Associated with Respiratory Tract Infections," Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 9 (September 2015): 2854–60, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00777-15.

82

«Two Bacterial Genomes Sequenced» Human Genome News 7, no. 1 (May-June 1995), Human Genome Project Information Archive, 1990–2003, https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/hgn/v7n1/05microb.shtml.

83

H. O. Smith, J. F. Tomb, B. A. Dougherty, R. D. Fleischmann, and J. C. Venter, "Frequency and Distribution of DNA Uptake Signal Sequences in the Haemophilus Influenzae Rd Genome," Science 269, no. 5223 (July 28, 1995): 538–40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7542802.

84

Claire M. Fraser, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Owen White, Mark D. Adams, Rebecca A. Clayton, Robert D. Fleischmann, Carol J. Bult, et al., «The Minimal Gene Complement of Mycoplasma Genitalium,» Science 270, no. 5235 (October 20, 1995): 397–404, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5235.397.

85

«3700 DNA Analyzer,» National Museum of American History, https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1297334.

86

Довичи не знал, что Хидеки Камбара из корпорации Hitachi в то же самое время разработал аналогичную технологию. В итоге компания Applied Biosystems лицензировала обе технологии и совместно с Hitachi создала устройство. В 2001 г. журнал Science назвал обоих исследователей «невоспетыми героями» проекта по расшифровке генома.

87

Jim Kling, «Where the Future Went,» EMBO Reports 6, no. 11 (November 2005): 1012–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400553.

88

Douglas Birch, «Race for the Genome,» Baltimore Sun, May 18, 1999.

89

Nicholas Wade, «In Genome Race, Government Vows to Move Up Finish,» The New York Times, September 15, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/09/15/science/in-genome-race-government-vows-to-move-up-finish.html.

90

Lisa Belkin, «Splice Einstein and Sammy Glick. Add a Little Magellan,» The New York Times, August 23, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/magazine/splice-einstein-and-sammy-glick-add-a-little-magellan.html.

91

См. прим. 11.

92

Douglas Birch, «Daring Sprint to the Summit. The Quest: A Determined Hamilton Smith Attempts to Scale a Scientific Pinnacle–and Reconcile with Family,» Baltimore Sun, April 13, 1999, www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1999-04-13-9904130335-story.html.

93

«Gene Firm Labelled a 'Con Job,'» BBC News, March 6, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/667606.stm.

94

Mark D. Adams, Susan E. Celniker, Robert A. Holt, Cheryl A. Evans, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Peter G. Amanatides, Steven E. Scherer, et al., "The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster," Science 287, no. 5461 (March 24, 2000): 2185–95, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5461.2185.

95

Nicholas Wade, «Rivals on Offensive as They Near Wire in Genome Race,» The New York Times, May 7, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/us/rivals-on-offensive-as-they-near-wire-in-genome-race.html.

96

Nicholas Wade, «Analysis of Human Genome Is Said to Be Completed,» The New York Times, April 7, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/040700sci-human-genome.html.

97

Там же.

98

«Press Briefing by Dr. Neal Lane, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology; Dr. Frances Collins, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute; Dr. Craig Venter, President and Chief Scientific Officer, Celera Genomics Corporation; and Dr. Ari Patrinos, Associate Director for Biological and Environmental Research, Department of Energy, on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome,» White House Press Release, June 26, 2000, Human Genome Project Information Archive, 1990–2003, https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton3.shtml.

99

Там же.

100

Там же.

101

Andrew Brown, «Has Venter Made Us Gods?,» The Guardian, May 20, 2010, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2010/may/20/craig-venter-life-god.

102

«Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.,» Academy of Achievement, https://achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d.

103

Martin Campbell-Kelly, «Marvin Minsky Obituary,» The Guardian, February 3, 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/03/marvin-minsky-obituary.

104

Jeremy Bernstein, «Marvin Minsky's Vision of the Future,» The New Yorker, December 6, 1981, www.newyorker.com/magazine/1981/12/14/a-i.

105

Amy Webb, The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019).

106

«HMS Beagle: Darwin's Trip Around the World,» National Geographic Resource Library, n.d., www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/hms-beagle-darwins-trip-around-world.

107

См. прим. 4.

108

«Tom Knight,» Internet Archive Wayback Machine, http://web.archive.org/web/20040202103232/http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/tk/tk.html.

109

«Synthetic Biology, IGEM and Ginkgo Bioworks: Tom Knight's Journey,» iGem Digest, 2018, https://blog.igem.org/blog/2018/12/4/tom-knight.

110

Sam Roberts, «Harold Morowitz, 88, Biophysicist, Dies; Tackled Enigmas Big and Small,» The New York Times, April 1, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/science/harold-morowitz-biophysicist-who-tackled-enigmas-big-and-small-dies-at-88.html.

111

Adam Bluestein, «Tom Knight, Godfather of Synthetic Biology, on How to Learn Something New,» Fast Company, August 28, 2012, www.fastcompany.com/3000760/tom-knight-godfather-synthetic-biology-how-learn-something-new.

112

Там же.

113

См. прим. 8.

114

Roger Collis, «The Growing Threat of Malaria,» The New York Times, December 10, 1993, www.nytimes.com/1993/12/10/style/IHT-the-growing-threat-of-malaria.html.

115

Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs, Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance, eds. Kenneth J. Arrow, Claire Panosian, and Hellen Gelband (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004).

116

Nicholas J. White, Tran T.