Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл

of Minneapolis; US Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Population (B230RC0A052NBEA)”, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, updated January 26, 2023, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B230RC0A052NBEA; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers”.

64. Программа развития ООН публикует самые подробные и достоверные данные, но только начиная с 1990 года. Данные за 1870–2017 гг., опубликованные организацией «Наш мир в данных» (Our World in Data), основываются на архивных источниках, которые не следуют общей методике. Чтобы сделать информацию сопоставимой и выявить изменения за весь промежуток времени, мы использовали данные ПРООН за период 1990–2021 гг., а данные НМД нормировали таким образом, чтобы не было расхождений с данными ПРООН за 1990-й. См. “Human Development Insights”, United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports, accessed March 22, 2023, https:// hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks; Roser and Ortiz-Ospina, “Global Education”; Lee and Lee, “Human Capital in the Long Run”; Barro and Lee, “New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010”.

65. Подробнее о роли заболеваний, переносимых водой, в истории здравоохранения: “What Exactly Is Typhoid Fever?”, Seeker, YouTube video, August 20, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1lKW2CYU68; “The Pandemic the World Has Forgotten”, Seeker, YouTube video, September 8, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj95IZMl ZWw; “The Story of Cholera”, Global Health Media Project, YouTube video, December 10, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG1VNSCsP5Q; Theodore H. Tulchinsky and Elena A. Varavikova, “A History of Public Health”, The New Public Health, October 10, 2014, 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415766-8.00001-X.

66. Suzanne Spellen, “From Pakistan to Brooklyn: A Quick History of the Bathroom”, Brownstoner, November 28, 2016, https://www.brownstoner.com/architecture/victorian-bath room-history-plumbing-brooklyn-architecture-interiors; Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, The Great Boston Fire of 1872 (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 1997), 30, https://books.google.com/books?id=v3lzw5d2K8wC; Price V. Fishback, Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 170, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Soft_Coal_Hard_Choices/EjnnCwAAQBAJ; Stanley Lebergott, Wealth and Want (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 7, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wealth_and_Want/Lrx9BgAAQBAJ; “Historical Census of Housing Tables: Sewage Disposal”, US Census Bureau, 1990, revised October 8, 2021, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-sewage.html; Gary M. Walton and Hugh Rockoff, History of the American Economy, 13th ed. (Boston: Cengage Learning, 2017), 377.

67. Walton and Rockoff, History of the American Economy, 377; US Census Bureau, “Historical Census of Housing Tables: Sewage Disposal”.

68. См., например, Susan Carpenter, “After Two Years of Eco-Living, What Works and What Doesn’t”, Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2014, https://www.latimes.com/home/la-hm-realist-main-20101016-story.html.

69. Jane Otai, “Happy #WorldToiletDay! Here’s What It’s Like To Live Without One”, NPR, November 19, 2015, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/11/19/456495448/happy-worldtoiletday-here-s-what-it-s-like-to-live-without-one.

70. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, “People Using Safely Managed Sanitation Services (% of Population)”, retrieved from worldbank.org, accessed October 12, 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator /SH.STA.SMSS.ZS.

71. Stanley Lebergott, Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 102, https://www.google.com/books/edition /Pursuing_Happiness/bD0ABAAAQBAJ; US Census Bureau, “Historical Census of Housing Tables: Sewage Disposal”; Marc Jeuland et al., “Water and Sanitation: Economic Losses from Poor Water and Sanitation – Past, Present, and Future”, in How Much Have Global Problems Cost the World?, ed. Bjørn Lomborg (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 333; David A. Raglin, “Plumbing and Kitchen Facilities in Housing Units”, 2015 American Community Survey Research and Evaluation Report Memorandum Series No. ACS15-RER-06, US Census Bureau, May 29, 2015, 3, https://www.cen sus.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/acs/2015_Raglin_01.pdf; Katie Meehan et al., Plumbing Poverty in U.S. Cities: A Report on Gaps and Trends in Household Water Access, 2000 to 2017, King’s College London, September 27, 2021, 4, https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/159767495/Plumbing_Poverty_in_US_Cities.pdf; US Census Bureau, “Total Households (TTLHH)”, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, updated November 21, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TTLHH; WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene, “People Using at Least Basic Sanitation Services (% of Population)”, retrieved from World bank.org, accessed April 28, 2023, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene, “Improved Sanitation Facilities (% of Population with Access)”, retrieved from Worldbank.org, updated January 25, 2018, accessed April 28, 2023, originally available at https://databank.worldbank.org/source/millennium-development-goals/Series/SH.STA.ACSN; World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water—2015 Update and MDG Assessment, World Health Organization, 2015, 14, https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Progress-on-Sanita tion-and-Drinking-Water_234.pdf; Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2020: Five Years into the SDGs (Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, 2021), 7, https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/jmp-2021-wash-households.pdf.

72. Elizabeth Nix, “How Edison, Tesla and Westinghouse Battled to Electrify America”, History.com, October 24, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/what-was-the-war-of-the-cur rents; Harold D. Wallace Jr., “Power from the People: Rural Electrification Brought More than Lights”, National Museum of American History, February 12, 2016, https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/rural-electrification; Stanley Lebergott, The American Economy: Income, Wealth and Want (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 334, https:// www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Economy/HYV9BgAAQBAJ.

73. Подробнее об электрификации сельских районов Америки: “On the Line – Rural Electrification Administration Film”, Russell Library Audiovisual Collections, YouTube video, June 4, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbAM-CwOxu0; General Electric, “More Power to the American Farmer—1946”, miSci: Museum of Innovation and Science, YouTube video, June 13, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY5eFQTYkaw; US Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration, Rural Lines, USA: The Story of the Rural Electrification Administration’s First Twenty-five Years, 1935–1960, US Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 811 (1960), https://www.google.com /books/edition/Rural_Lines_USA/IBkuAAAAYAAJ; US Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, part 1 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 1975), 827, https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf.

74. US Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, part 1.

75. Lily Odarno, “Closing Sub-Saharan Africa’s Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution”, World Resources Institute, August 14, 2019, https://www.wri.org /blog/2019/08/closing-sub-saharan-africa-electricity-access-gap-why-cities-must-be-part-solution; Giacomo Falchetta et al., “Satellite Observations Reveal Inequalities in the Progress and Effectiveness of Recent Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa”, One Earth 2, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 364–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.007.

76. IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, “Access to Electricity (% of Population)”, from Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS.

77. Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012).

78. Lebergott, The American Economy: Income, Wealth and Want, 334; US Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, part 1; IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, “Access to Electricity (% of Population)”; IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, “Access to Electricity (% of Population) – United States”,